EMF
Pollution - Electropollution - Electrosmog: EarthPulse™ provides
nighttime protection allowing you to sleep better and become more
resiliant to unfriendly EMF during the day.
EMF
Pollution - Electropollution - Electrosmog - predicates some sort of
EMF protection regimine is necessary. Prevent health effects
of radio wave EMF, microwave EMF, power frequency (AC) EMF; via
EarthPulse™ pulsed ultra low and extremely low frequency magnetic
fields designed to provide better sleep, protect and balance the
neurological and endocrine tissues while you sleep. Emf protection
should be employed
by urban residents world-wide.
For the latest wireless safety news
updates visit; http://www.microwavenews.com/
http://emr-safety.blogspot.com/
Robert O.
Becker M.D.
(1923 - 2008) The father of
modern electromedicine and first vocal advocate against
electropollution.
Are
You Allergic to Wireless Internet? Electromagnetic
Hypersensitivity Syndrome (EHS) is a condition in which people are
highly sensitive to electromagnetic fields. In an area such as a
wireless hotspot, they experience pain, muscle twitch or other symptoms.
CELL
PHONE HAZARDS - THE EVIDENCE IS IN: By William Thomas *The Radiation Poisoning Of America
by Amy Worthington*
Global Research, October 9, 2007 - Idaho Observer - 2007-10-07 Today in Italy:
by AGI on behalf of the Italian Prime Minister's office ELECTRO SMOG: NO ANTENNAS ON
SCHOOLS AND HOSPITALS (AGI) - 12 July 2006 -
The Puglia's regional council, regarding the discussion on the bill for
the balance of the budget, approved some standards that modify and
update the regional law 5/2002 on electro smog, after a proposal by the
environmental councillor Michele Losappio. Among these standards, one
forbids antenna systems to emit radio television and mobile telephones
in the areas, on the structures, and on the buildings for children and
users of a young age and on medical buildings such as hospitals,
retirement and rest homes, schools and nursery schools, children's
institutes and parishes. Such modifications complement the legislation
with the regulations recently approved by the town council and
currently in force. World
Health Organization: Participating countries and entities in EMF
Project.
MUNICH/AMSTERDAM
(Reuters) - Radio waves from mobile phones harm body cells and damage
DNA in laboratory conditions, according to a new study majority-funded
by the European Union, researchers said on Monday. CNN Money Dec.
21, 2004
See Robert O.
Becker and the
Council on Wireless Technology Impacts. Other books by Robert
O. Becker on the subject of electropollution, electrosmog, EMF
pollution. We believe there is correlation between man's failing
health - poor sleep and the proliferation of power frequency, radio and
microwave electropollution (electrosmog - EMF pollution). See
also Becker RO research
bibliography and the studies listed in the sections below.
Acta
Neurol Scand. 2004 Jul;110(1):46-52. Effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields on cognitive processes - a
pilot study on GSM cell phone radiation and cognitive regeneration.
Maier R, Greter SE, Maier N.
Klinik fur Kommunikationsstorungen, Langenbeckstrasse 1, Universitat
Mainz, Mainz, Germany. maier@kommunikation.klinik.uni-mainz.de
BACKGROUND: Due to the ubiquitous use of cellular phones much has been
speculated on secondary effects of electromagnetic irradiation emitted
by those. Additionally, several studies have reported vegetative
alterations as well as effects on the neuronal and molecular levels in
humans. Here, using a psycho-physiological test paradigm, we examined
effects of exposure to pulsed electromagnetic fields on cognitive
performance. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 11 volunteers, we tested
cognitive processing under field exposure (GSM standard) and under
field-free conditions. To examine the hypothesized effect of pulsed
fields, we applied an auditory discrimination task and determined the
participant's current 'Order Threshold' value. Following a first test
cycle, the volunteers had to relax for 50 min while being, or not,
exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields. Subsequently, the test was
repeated. Data acquired before and after the resting phase were
compared from both experimental conditions. RESULTS: We found that
nine of the 11 test participants (81.8%) showed worse results in their
auditory discrimination performance upon field exposure as compared
with control conditions. Group data comparison revealed a
statistical significance of P = 0.0105. CONCLUSION: We could show that
the participants' cognitive performance was impaired after exposure to
pulsed electromagnetic fields (GSM
microwave frequency). With regard to this finding, we
recommend that the use of cellular phones should be restricted
generally and in particular in respect of physical hazard of high-risk
groups, e.g. elderly, children and ill people. empasis added.
See
complete EMF, RF and Cellular Microwave peer-reviewed study
bibliography immediately below.
All
urban areas of the planet contain layer, upon layer, upon layer of
electropollution.
power
frequency 50-60 Hz fields
radio waves
GHz wireless
networks in the workplace
cellular
microwave radiation
brand new
urban, wireless internet base stations with 7 times more range than
cellular
local, GHz
wireless networks are weak by comparison
Close-field sources of radiation significantly
distort the homeostasis of your brain wave and cellular communication
system.
like cell
phone pressed against your head
non-shielded
hard-wired ear bud in your ear
blue tooth
headsets
lots of
co-workers on cell phones in your proximity (same office, train, bus)
GHz wireless
network in your office, down the hall, or on the floors above or below
you
power lines,
broadcast towers and base stations in close proximity to home, work,
school
keep in mind
geometric proliferation of wireless internet (a very dense signal). see
skywire.com
Several hundred
pulsed electromagnetic field therapy citations contained in our
research bibliographies are linked directly to PubMed a
service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine and the U.S. National
Institutes of Health.
These studies are offered for
your education only and are not intended as
promotional material for EarthPulse™ Technologies, LLC.
See also; Sandyk
R, Anninos
PA , Jacobson JI;
three pioneers of electromagnetic field therapy to treat Parkinson's,
Alzheimer's and epilepsy.
By bathing body in pulsating magnetic field of extremely
low amplitude and frequency, one can not only overshadow detrimental
EMF effects, but reverse them.
Are your mental faculties as sharp as you want them to
be?
If you use a cell phone, a prudent person should become
familiar with what close field microwave radiation does to your brain.
A cell phone
call consistently raises brain temperature by 1ºC.
your head
doesn't just feel warm after a long cell call; it is.
Sleep
parameters shown to change due to cell phone simply in STAND-BY mode!
do not sleep
with your cell phone on your bedside table
A cellular
phone call for 20 minutes prior to sleep, delays onset of REM sleep.
parents
who've given their children cell phones should take note there is
movement to make cell phones illegal to children under 16 y.o. in parts
of Europe due to brain development issues.
We have found that EarthPulse kept under your bed or in
proximity to your body during work enhances concentration, linear
thinking, and greatly reduces fatigue. Entrez -
PubMed is a search and retrieval system that integrates information
from databases at National Center of Biotechnology Information, the
National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health.
Mobile phone radiation
and the developing brain: behavioral and morphological effects in
juvenile rats. Radiat Res.
2007 Oct;168(4):471-9.
PMID: 17903040 [PubMed - in process]
Effects of mobile phone
electromagnetic fields on an auditory order threshold task. Bioelectromagnetics.
2007 Sep;28(6):493-6.
PMID: 17492763 [PubMed - in process]
Effect of an acute
900MHz GSM exposure on glia in the rat brain: a time-dependent study. Toxicology. 2007
Aug 16;238(1):23-33. Epub 2007 May 26.
PMID: 17624651 [PubMed - in process]
[Electromagnetic
fields: damage to health due to the nocebo effect] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd.
2007 Jul 7;151(27):1546-7; author reply 1547-8. Dutch. No abstract
available.
PMID: 17763818 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Structure and tie
strengths in mobile communication networks. Proc
Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007 May 1;104(18):7332-6. Epub 2007 Apr
24.
PMID: 17456605 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Mobile phones are good
for you, p<0.36! Observations on Keetley, Wood, Spong and Stough
(2006). Neuropsychologia.
2007 Apr 8;45(7):1580-1.
PMID: 17224164 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Effects of
electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phone on auditory and
vestibular labyrinth] Laryngorhinootologie.
2007 Apr;86(4):264-70. Epub 2006 Dec 12. German.
PMID: 17163379 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Measurements of skin
surface temperature during mobile phone use. Bioelectromagnetics.
2007 Feb;28(2):159-62.
PMID: 17080453 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
No apoptosis is induced
in rat cortical neurons exposed to GSM phone fields. Bioelectromagnetics.
2007 Feb;28(2):115-21.
PMID: 17004238 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Cell death induced by
GSM 900-MHz and DCS 1800-MHz mobile telephony radiation. Mutat Res.
2007 Jan 10;626(1-2):69-78. Epub 2006 Oct 11.
PMID: 17045516 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Evaluation of the
effect of using mobile phones on male fertility. Ann
Agric Environ Med. 2007;14(1):169-72.
PMID: 17655195 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A new exposure system
for the in vitro detection of GHz field effects on neuronal networks. Bioelectrochemistry.
2007 Jan;70(1):104-14. Epub 2006 Apr 18.
PMID: 16784899 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Effect of
high-frequency EMF on public health and its neuro-chemical
investigations] Georgian Med
News. 2007 Jan;(142):58-60. Russian.
PMID: 17327637 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Exposure setup to study
potential adverse effects at GSM 1800 and UMTS frequencies on the
auditory systems of rats. Radiat
Prot Dosimetry. 2007;123(4):473-82. Epub 2006 Dec 12.
PMID: 17164273 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Evidence-based policy?
The use of mobile phones in hospital. J Public Health
(Oxf). 2006 Dec;28(4):299-303. Epub 2006 Oct 27. Review.
PMID: 17071816 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effects of
electromagnetic radiation from a cellular phone on human sperm
motility: an in vitro study. Arch
Med Res. 2006 Oct;37(7):840-3.
PMID: 16971222 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
An in vitro study of
the effects of exposure to a GSM signal in two human cell lines:
monocytic U937 and neuroblastoma SK-N-SH. Cell
Biol Int. 2006 Oct;30(10):793-9. Epub 2006 Jun 30.
PMID: 16877012 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Do mobile 'phones have
a detrimental impact on auditory function? J Laryngol Otol.
2006 Oct;120(10):822-6. Epub 2006 May 15. Review.
PMID: 16700958 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Estimation of relative
exposure levels for cellular phone users using a neural network. Bioelectromagnetics.
2006 Sep;27(6):440-4.
PMID: 16724320 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Monitoring the effects
of mobile phone use on the brain by proton magnetic resonance
spectroscopy. Int J Radiat Biol.
2006 Sep;82(9):681-5.
PMID: 17050481 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect of GSM-900 and
-1800 signals on the skin of hairless rats. II: 12-week chronic
exposures. Int J Radiat Biol.
2006 Sep;82(9):675-80.
PMID: 17050480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect of GSM-900 and
-1800 signals on the skin of hairless rats. I: 2-hour acute exposures. Int J Radiat Biol.
2006 Sep;82(9):669-74.
PMID: 17050479 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
UMTS base station-like
exposure, well-being, and cognitive performance. Environ
Health Perspect. 2006 Aug;114(8):1270-5.
PMID: 16882538 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Expression
of the immediate early gene, c-fos, in fetal brain after whole of
gestation exposure of pregnant mice to global system for mobile
communication microwaves. Pathology. 2006
Aug;38(4):333-5.
PMID: 16916723 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Scalp localization of
human auditory cortical activity modified by GSM electromagnetic fields. Int J Radiat Biol.
2006 Jul;82(7):465-72.
PMID: 16882618 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Mobile phone effects on
children's event-related oscillatory EEG during an auditory memory task. Int J Radiat Biol.
2006 Jun;82(6):443-50.
PMID: 16846979 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Neonatal mouse brain
exposure to mobile telephony and effect on blood-brain barrier
permeability. Pathology. 2006
Jun;38(3):262-3. No abstract available.
PMID: 16753752 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Exposure
to radiofrequency radiation (900 MHz, GSM signal) does not affect
micronucleus frequency and cell proliferation in human peripheral blood
lymphocytes: an interlaboratory study. Radiat Res.
2006 Jun;165(6):655-63.
PMID: 16802865 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Chronic exposure to GSM
1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured
hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett.
2006 May 8;398(3):253-7. Epub 2006 Jan 27.
PMID: 16443327 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Exposure
of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene
expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin
conformation. Bioelectromagnetics.
2006 May;27(4):295-306.
PMID: 16511873 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
935 MHz cellular phone
radiation. An in vitro study of genotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Int J Radiat Biol.
2006 May;82(5):339-46.
PMID: 16782651 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
GSM
radiation triggers seizures and increases cerebral c-Fos positivity in
rats pretreated with subconvulsive doses of picrotoxin. Neurosci Lett.
2006 May 1;398(1-2):139-44. Epub 2006 Jan 30.
PMID: 16448750 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Are some people
sensitive to mobile phone signals? Within participants double blind
randomised provocation study. BMJ.
2006 Apr 15;332(7546):886-91. Epub 2006 Mar 6.
PMID: 16520326 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
FDTD
chiral brain tissue model for specific absorption rate determination
under radiation from mobile phones at 900 and 1800 MHz. Phys
Med Biol. 2006 Apr 7;51(7):1661-72. Epub 2006 Mar 7.
PMID: 16552096 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
How dangerous are
mobile phones, transmission masts, and electricity pylons? Arch
Dis Child. 2006 Apr;91(4):361-6. Review.
PMID: 16551794 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
In vitro effects of GSM
modulated radiofrequency fields on human immune cells. Bioelectromagnetics.
2006 Apr;27(3):188-96.
PMID: 16342197 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Psychophysiological
tests and provocation of subjects with mobile phone related symptoms. Bioelectromagnetics.
2006 Apr;27(3):204-14.
PMID: 16304699 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effects of thirty
minutes mobile phone use on the human sensory cortex. Clin
Neurophysiol. 2006 Apr;117(4):900-5. Epub 2006 Jan 24.
PMID: 16439184 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Electromagnetic
interference with infusion pumps from GSM mobile phones. Health Phys.
2006 Apr;90(4):357-60.
PMID: 16538140 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Microwave exposure of
neuronal cells in vitro: Study of apoptosis. Int J Radiat Biol.
2006 Apr;82(4):267-75.
PMID: 16690594 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Cellular phones,
cordless phones, and the risks of glioma and meningioma (Interphone
Study Group, Germany). Am
J Epidemiol. 2006 Mar 15;163(6):512-20. Epub 2006 Jan 27.
PMID: 16443797 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A study of the effects
of cellular telephone microwave radiation on the auditory system in
healthy men. Ear
Nose Throat J. 2006 Mar;85(3):160, 162-3.
PMID: 16615597 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect of
electromagnetic fields emitted by cellular phones on the latency of
evoked electrodermal activity. Int J Neurosci.
2006 Mar;116(3):321-9.
PMID: 16484058 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect of mobile
telephony on blood-brain barrier permeability in the fetal mouse brain. Pathology. 2006
Feb;38(1):63-5.
PMID: 16484011 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effects of 900 MHz GSM
wireless communication signals on DMBA-induced mammary tumors in rats. Radiat Res.
2006 Feb;165(2):174-80.
PMID: 16435916 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
GSM base station
electromagnetic radiation and oxidative stress in rats. Electromagn
Biol Med. 2006;25(3):177-88.
PMID: 16954120 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Protein kinase C
activity in developing rat brain cells exposed to 2.45 GHz radiation. Electromagn
Biol Med. 2006;25(1):61-70.
PMID: 16595335 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Protective
effects of melatonin and caffeic acid phenethyl ester against retinal
oxidative stress in long-term use of mobile phone: a comparative study. Mol
Cell Biochem. 2006 Jan;282(1-2):83-8.
PMID: 16317515 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Electromagnetic fields
from mobile phones do not affect the inner auditory system of
Sprague-Dawley rats. Radiat Res.
2005 Dec;164(6):798-804.
PMID: 16296886 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The effect of
electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones on human sleep. Neuroreport.
2005 Nov 28;16(17):1973-6.
PMID: 16272890 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Is the brain influenced
by a phone call? An EEG study of resting wakefulness. Neurosci Res.
2005 Nov;53(3):265-70. Epub 2005 Aug 15.
PMID: 16102863 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Electromagnetic
fields (GSM 1800) do not alter blood-brain barrier permeability to
sucrose in models in vitro with high barrier tightness. Bioelectromagnetics.
2005 Oct;26(7):529-35.
PMID: 16142784 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Lack of effects of 1439
MHz electromagnetic near field exposure on the blood-brain barrier in
immature and young rats. Bioelectromagnetics.
2005 Oct;26(7):578-88.
PMID: 16142770 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Microwaves
from GSM mobile telephones affect 53BP1 and gamma-H2AX foci in human
lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy persons. Environ
Health Perspect. 2005 Sep;113(9):1172-7.
PMID: 16140623 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
A
novel antioxidant agent caffeic acid phenethyl ester prevents long-term
mobile phone exposure-induced renal impairment in rat. Prognostic value
of malondialdehyde, N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and nitric oxide
determination. Mol
Cell Biochem. 2005 Sep;277(1-2):73-80.
PMID: 16132717 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effects of Universal
Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) electromagnetic fields on the
blood-brain barrier in vitro. Radiat Res.
2005 Sep;164(3):258-69.
PMID: 16137198 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
The heat-shock factor
is not activated in mammalian cells exposed to cellular phone frequency
microwaves. Radiat Res.
2005 Aug;164(2):163-72.
PMID: 16038587 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[The
electromagnetic fields of cellular phones and the health of children
and of teenagers (the situation requiring to take an urgent measure)] Radiats
Biol Radioecol. 2005 Jul-Aug;45(4):442-50. Review. Russian.
PMID: 16209190 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Blood-brain
barrier and electromagnetic fields: effects of scopolamine
methylbromide on working memory after whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz
microwaves in rats. Behav
Brain Res. 2005 Jun 20;161(2):229-37. Epub 2005 Mar 21.
PMID: 15922049 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Interaction of mobile
phones with superficial passive metallic implants. Phys
Med Biol. 2005 Jun 7;50(11):2689-700. Epub 2005 May 18.
PMID: 15901963 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Non-thermal
DNA breakage by mobile-phone radiation (1800 MHz) in human fibroblasts
and in transformed GFSH-R17 rat granulosa cells in vitro. Mutat Res.
2005 Jun 6;583(2):178-83.
PMID: 15869902 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Expression
of the immediate early gene, c-fos, in mouse brain after acute global
system for mobile communication microwave exposure. Pathology. 2005
Jun;37(3):231-3.
PMID: 16175897 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Mobile telephones:
playing with our health?] Aten
Primaria. 2005 May 15;35(8):415-8. Spanish. No abstract
available.
PMID: 15882498 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Assessment of potential
effects of the electromagnetic fields of mobile phones on hearing. BMC Public Health.
2005 Apr 19;5(1):39.
PMID: 15840162 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
915
MHz microwaves and 50 Hz magnetic field affect chromatin conformation
and 53BP1 foci in human lymphocytes from hypersensitive and healthy
persons. Bioelectromagnetics.
2005 Apr;26(3):173-84.
PMID: 15768430 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
No
effects of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz electromagnetic field emitted from
cellular phone on nocturnal serum melatonin levels in rats. Toxicol
Ind Health. 2005 Mar;21(1-2):27-31.
PMID: 15986574 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Effect of
electromagnetic field produced by mobile phones on the activity of
superoxide dismutase (SOD-1)--in vitro researches] Ann Acad Med Stetin.
2005;51 Suppl 1:125-8. Polish.
PMID: 16602439 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Electromagnetic field
emitted by 902 MHz mobile phones shows no effects on children's
cognitive function. Bioelectromagnetics.
2005;Suppl 7:S144-50.
PMID: 16059918 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Short term exposure to
1439 MHz pulsed TDMA field does not alter melatonin synthesis in rats. Bioelectromagnetics.
2005 Jan;26(1):49-53.
PMID: 15605405 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Chronic
exposure to a 1.439 GHz electromagnetic field used for cellular phones
does not promote N-ethylnitrosourea induced central nervous system
tumors in F344 rats. Bioelectromagnetics.
2005 Jan;26(1):59-68.
PMID: 15605402 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Effects of 1800 MHz
GSM-like exposure on the gonadal function and hematological parameters
of male mice] Magy Onkol.
2005;49(2):149-51. Epub 2005 Oct 24. Hungarian.
PMID: 16249811 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Can electromagnetic
fields emitted by mobile phones stimulate the vestibular organ? Otolaryngol
Head Neck Surg. 2005 Jan;132(1):43-9.
PMID: 15632908 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect
of whole-body exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic field on the
brain electrogeny in neurodefective and healthy mice. Prague Med Rep.
2005;106(1):91-100.
PMID: 16007915 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effect of 900 MHz
electromagnetic fields on nonthermal induction of heat-shock proteins
in human leukocytes. Radiat Res.
2005 Jan;163(1):45-52.
PMID: 15606306 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Acute exposure to GSM
900-MHz electromagnetic fields induces glial reactivity and biochemical
modifications in the rat brain. Neurobiol
Dis. 2004 Dec;17(3):445-54.
PMID: 15571980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Gender related
differences on the EEG during a simulated mobile phone signal. Neuroreport.
2004 Nov 15;15(16):2557-60.
PMID: 15538195 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
No
effects of GSM-modulated 900 MHz electromagnetic fields on survival
rate and spontaneous development of lymphoma in female AKR/J mice. BMC Cancer. 2004
Nov 11;4:77.
PMID: 15538947 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Guidance for exposure
design of human studies addressing health risk evaluations of mobile
phones. Bioelectromagnetics.
2004 Oct;25(7):524-9.
PMID: 15376239 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effects of exposure of
the ear to GSM microwaves: in vivo and in vitro experimental studies. Int
J Audiol. 2004 Oct;43(9):545-54.
PMID: 15726845 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Mobile telephones and
cancer--a review of epidemiological evidence. J
Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2004 Sep-Oct;7(5):351-84.
Review.
PMID: 15371240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Effects
of pulsed electromagnetic fields on cognitive processes - a pilot study
on pulsed field interference with cognitive regeneration. Acta
Neurol Scand. 2004 Jul;110(1):46-52.
PMID: 15180806 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Mobile phones and
children: is precaution warranted? Bioelectromagnetics.
2004 Jul;25(5):322-3; author reply 323. No abstract available.
PMID: 15197752 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Are thyroid
dysfunctions related to stress or microwave exposure (900 MHz)? Int
J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2004 May-Aug;17(2 Suppl):31-6.
PMID: 15345189 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Environ Health
Perspect. 2003 Jun;111(7):881-3 Nerve
cell damage in mammalian brain after exposure to microwaves from GSM
mobile phones. Salford LG, Brun AE, Eberhardt JL, Malmgren L, Persson BR. Department of Neurosurgery, Lund University, The Rausing Laboratory
and Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
Three groups each of eight rats were exposed for 2 hr to Global System
for Mobile Communications (GSM) mobile phone electromagnetic fields of
different strengths. We found highly significant (p< 0.002) evidence
for neuronal damage in the cortex, hippocampus, and basal ganglia in
the brains of exposed rats.
Med Hypotheses. 2002 Dec;59(6):703-5. Cellular
telephones and effects on the brain: the head as an antenna and brain
tissue as a radio receiver. Weinberger Z, Richter ED. Jerusalem College of Technology, Jerusalem, Israel.
Headache and other neuropsychological symptoms occur in users of
cellular telephones, and controversy exists concerning risks for brain
cancer. We hypothesize these effects result from the head serving as an
antenna and brain tissue as a radio receiver. Brain cells and tissues
demodulate the cell-phone's audio frequencies from the radio frequency
carrier. Low audio frequencies in the ranges of alpha and beta waves
affect these waves and thereby influence brain function. These effects
state the case for a precautionary policy.
Pathol Biol (Paris) 2002 Jul;50(6):369-73 Investigation
on the health of people living near mobile telephone relay stations:
I/Incidence according to distance and sex. Santini R, Santini P, Danze JM, Le Ruz P, Seigne M. Institut national des sciences appliquees, laboratoire de
biochimie-pharmacologie, batiment Louis Pasteur, 20, avenue Albert
Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne, France.
Women, significantly more often than men, complained of headache,
nausea, loss of appetite, sleep disturbance, depression, discomfort and
visual perturbations. This first study on symptoms experienced by
people living in vicinity of cellular base stations shows that, in view
of radioprotection, minimal distance of people from cellular phone base
stations should not be less than 300 m. (985 feet)! If
you are a municipal /governmental employee (working in police
station/municipal offices/town hall), odds are you work right next to
or under one of these base stations.
ET Don't Phone Home! Lancet 2000 Nov 25;356(9244):1833-6 Physics and biology of mobile telephony. Hyland GJ. Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UKHyland GJ:
"The effect of microwaves from a mobile phone... has an impact on the
stability of cells in the body. The main effects are neurological,
causing headaches, memory loss and also sleeping disorders,"
The researchers found that volunteers had a disturbed sleep pattern
for as much as 50 minutes after being exposed to the radiation.
"Even a short exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by
mobile phones has an effect on brain physiology." read the Lancet
abstract by clicking here.
***Mutat Res 1997 Jan 15;388(1):45-57 Evaluation
of potential genotoxicity of pulsed electric and electromagnetic fields
used for bone growth stimulation. Jacobson-Kram D, Tepper J, Kuo P, San RH, Curry PT, Wagner VO,
Putman DL. Genetic Toxicology Division, Microbiological Associates, Inc.,
Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
The data suggest that pulsed electric and electromagnetic fields of the
types and dose levels used in bone growth stimulation lack mutagenic
and transforming activity.
Health Phys 2002 Sep;83(3):409-16 Assessing
compliance with power-frequency magnetic-field guidelines. Bracken TD.
Several organizations have established guidelines for occupational
exposure to power-frequency magnetic fields 60 hertz; 1.0
millitesla (10 Gauss) for the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists, 0.42 mT (4.2 Gauss) for the
International Committee on Non-ionizing Radiation Protection, and 1.6
mT (16 Gauss) for the National Radiation Protection Board
guidelines. EarthPulse peak magnetic flux density less than
1 Gauss.
Health Phys 2002 Apr;82(4):473-83 Electromagnetic
field standards in Central and Eastern European countries: current
state and stipulations for international harmonization. Gajsek P, Pakhomov AG, Klauenberg BJ. Air Force Research Laboratory, Directed Energy Bioeffects Division,
Brooks AFB, TX 78235, USA.
Electromagnetic field standards in the West are based upon the specific
absorption rate, which is proportional to tissue heating (thermal
effects), representing the basic restriction of exposure to
Radio-Frequency (RF) fields. On the other hand, Eastern European
standards are designed to protect from potential non-thermal
effects that might be caused by chronic exposure to very low
intensities, where a so-called "power load" (a product of field
intensity and duration of exposure) represents the basic limitation.
G Ital Med Lav Ergon 2002 Oct-Dec;24(4):444-6 [Article
in Italian] Macca I, Scapellato ML, Perini M, Virgili A, Saia B, Bartolucci GB. Dipartimento di Medicina Ambientale e Sanita Pubblica, Universita
degli Studi di Padova.
Ann Acad Med Singapore 2001 Sep;30(5):489-93 Electromagnetic
fields and health outcomes. Knave B. National Institute for Working Life, S-11279 Stockholm, Sweden.
Over the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in the
biological effects and possible health outcomes of weak, low-frequency
electric and magnetic fields. Epidemiological studies on magnetic
fields and neurobehavioural reactions have been presented. More
recently, neurological, degenerative and heart diseases have also been
reported to be related to such electromagnetic fields. Furthermore,
the increased use of mobile phones worldwide has focussed interest on
the possible effects of radiofrequency fields of higher frequencies.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001 Apr;24(4 Pt 1):489-95 Interference
with cardiac pacemakers by magnetic resonance imaging: are there
irreversible changes at 0.5 Tesla? Vahlhaus C, Sommer T, Lewalter T, Schimpf R, Schumacher B, Jung W,
Luderitz B. Medizinische Universitatsklinik und Poliklinik II, Rheinische
Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat Bonn, Germany.
No permanent changes in pacemaker exposed to static magnetic field 5000
times the strength of EarthPulse.
Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 2001 Feb;24(2):199-205 Force
and torque effects of a 1.5-Tesla MRI scanner on cardiac pacemakers and
ICDs. Luechinger R, Duru F, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P, Candinas R. Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Informatics,
University of Zurich, Switzerland
This study utilized static field 15,000 times the field strength of
EarthPulse.
J ECT 2000 Dec;16(4):380-90 Lack
of significant changes on magnetic resonance scans before and after 2
weeks of daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation for depression. Nahas Z, DeBrux C, Chandler V, Lorberbaum JP, Speer AM, Molloy MA,
Liberatos C, Risch SC, George MS. Department of Psychiatry, The Medical University of South Carolina,
Charleston
Several studies have found that prefrontal rTMS has potential efficacy
in treating depression, and this technology, in addition to being a
research tool, may soon play a role in psychiatric practice. Thus,
establishing the safety of this technology is important and has been
studied insufficiently.
Neuroreport 2000 Oct 20;11(15):3321-5 Exposure
to pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic field during waking affects
human sleep EEG. Huber R, Graf T, Cote KA, Wittmann L, Gallmann E, Matter D,
Schuderer J, Kuster N, Borbely AA, Achermann P. Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich,
Switzerland.
The changes of brain function induced by pulsed high-frequency EMF
outlast the exposure period.
Pathol Biol (Paris) 2000 Jul;48(6):525-8 [Danger
of cellular telephones and their relay stations] [Article in French] Santini R, Seigne M, Bonhomme-Faivre L.
Cellular phones and their base stations emit pulsed microwaves in the
environment. Cellular phone users are exposed in the near field and,
under this condition, a large part of the electromagnetic energy is
absorbed by the head, leading to an increased brain temperature.
Some European countries (Italy, France, Belgium, etc.) have taken
measures to protect their populations.
Acta Oncol 2000;39(8):927-30 Are
mobile phones harmful? Blettner M, Berg G. School of Public Health, University of Bielefeld, Germany.
Findings on the thermal effect of acute exposure to radiofrequency
fields were consistent, resulting in an increase of cellular, tissue or
body temperature by 1 degree C or more. If you get a sensation of
warmth inside your head when holding your cell phone to your ear (or
useing a non-shielded headset),...your not imagining it.
Med Pr 2000;51(2):151-8 [Cellular
radio systems. Problems faced in assessing exposure to electromagnetic
fields] Zmyslony M. Zakladu Zagrozen Fizycznych, Instytutu Medycyny Pracy, Lodzi
It should be stressed that standards adopted protect the user's head
against the thermal (heating) effect, whereas the question on whether
they also protect against non-thermal effects still remains without
answer. Non-Thermal effects are suspected of perpetrating several
CNS disrupting effects as can be shown in 60 Hz study below. It
is hypothesised that PEMFs at brain-wave specific frequencies help to
reduce or completely ameliorate the deleterious effects of higher
frequency EMF exposure.
Lancet 2000 Nov 25;356(9244):1833-6 Physics
and biology of mobile telephony. Hyland GJ.
There is evidence that the low intensity, pulsed radiation currently
used can exert subtle non-thermal influences. There are consistencies
between some of these effects and the neurological problems reported by
some mobile-telephone users and people exposed longterm to base-station
radiation.
J Sleep Res 1999 Mar;8(1):77-81 A
50-Hz electromagnetic field impairs sleep. Akerstedt T, Arnetz B, Ficca G, Paulsson LE, Kallner A. National Institute for Psychosocial Factors and Health, Karolinska
Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
We found that the EMF condition was associated with reduced: total
sleep time (TST), sleep efficiency, stages 3 + 4 slow wave sleep (SWS),
and slow wave activity (SWA)
Bioelectromagnetics 1999;20(5):277-83 Human
sleep in 60 Hz magnetic fields. Graham C, Cook MR. Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
60 htz fields (what you have in the home, office, hospital) found to
disrupt sleep at .28 gauss ( well below EarthPulse peak field
density). Showing that fields as low as at least .28 gauss can
affect the central nervous system.
Environ Health Perspect 1998 Mar;106(3):101-3 Headaches
from cellular telephones: are they real and what are the implications? Frey AH. Randomline, Inc., Potomac, MD 20854, USA.
There have been numerous recent reports of headaches occurring in
association with the use of hand-held cellular telephones. Are these
reported headaches real? Are they due to emissions from telephones?
There is reason to believe that the answer is "yes" to both questions.
1: J Cell Physiol. 2004 Jun;199(3):359-63.
Related Articles, Links
Initial interactions in electromagnetic field-induced biosynthesis.
Blank M, Goodman R.
Department of Physiology, Columbia University, New York, New York
10032, USA. mb32@columbia.edu
Low frequency electromagnetic (EM) fields induce gene expression, and
recent insights into physical interactions of EM fields with model
systems suggest a mechanism that could initiate this process. The
consistently low thresholds at which EM fields stimulate biological
processes indicate that they require little energy. Since it has been
shown that such weak fields accelerate electron transfer reactions,
they could stimulate transcription by interacting with electrons in DNA
to destabilize the H-bonds holding the two DNA strands together. Such a
mechanism is consistent with the low electron affinity of the bases in
previously identified electromagnetic response elements (EMREs) needed
for EM field interaction with DNA. It is also in line with both
endogenous and in vitro stimulation of biosynthesis by electric fields.
The frequency response of several EM sensitive biological systems
suggests that EM fields require repetition and are most effective at
frequencies that coincide with natural rhythms of the processes
affected. Copyright 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
2: Ernst Schering Res Found Workshop. 2004;(46):79-88.
Related Articles, Links
Mechanisms of estrogenic effects on neurobiological functions.
Pfaff DW.
The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021-6399, USA.
pfaff@rockvax.rockefeller.edu
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
3: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2004;(1):31-5. Related
Articles, Links
[Hygienic evaluation of electromagnetic situation and vibroacoustic
factors at workplaces for radio-technological staff of civil airports]
[Article in Russian]
Pokhodzei LV, Kur'erov NN, Rubtsova NB, Pal'tsev IuP, Lazarenko NV,
Samusenko TG, Subbotin VV.
The authors proved electromagnetic environment for staff servicing
radiolocation, navigation and communication systems in civil airports
to be very severe: electromagnetic irradiation of broad frequency
spectrum, in impulse and continuous generation mode, varying in
intensity and time, with low telluric conditions in shielded chambers,
with equivalent noise levels more than by 15 dBA exceeding the
allowable ones.
PMID: 15029675 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
4: Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2003 Dec;68(6 Pt 2):066609.
Epub 2003 Dec 24. Related Articles, Links
Simulation study of localization of electromagnetic waves in
two-dimensional random dipolar systems.
Wang KK, Ye Z.
Wave Phenomena Laboratory, Department of Physics, National Central
University, Chungli 32054, Taiwan.
We study the propagation and scattering of electromagnetic waves by
random arrays of dipolar cylinders in a uniform medium. A set of
self-consistent equations, incorporating all orders of multiple
scattering of the electromagnetic waves, is derived from first
principles and then solved numerically for electromagnetic fields. For
certain ranges of frequencies, spatially localized electromagnetic
waves appear in such a simple but realistic disordered system.
Dependence of localization on the frequency, radiation damping, and
filling factor is shown. The spatial behavior of the total, coherent,
and diffusive waves is explored in detail, and found to comply with a
physical intuitive picture. A phase diagram characterizing localization
is presented, in agreement with previous investigations on other
systems.
PMID: 14754338 [PubMed]
6: Usp Fiziol Nauk. 2003 Oct-Dec;34(4):4-15. Related
Articles, Links
[Neuroimmunoendocrinology: beginning and prospective development]
[Article in Russian]
Akmaev IG.
Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow.
The paper gives analytical consideration of what, as to how evolved
current notions of the new branch of neurobiology, the
neuroimmunoendocrinology, dealing with integration of the main
physiological regulatory systems--netvous, endocrine and immune, with
special reference paid to the developmental likeness of their
controlling mechanisms, letting to assume their cooperative action.
Taking the latter into consideration the opportunity is discussed,
suggesting that breakage of those would result in various kinds of
disregulatory pathology including autoimmune one.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
The possible role of electromagnetic fields in bacterial communication.
Trushin MV.
Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Kazan, Russia.
mtruhin@mail.ru
This paper presents a general review of the current knowledge regarding
bacterial communication via electromagnetic fields. The possible role
of ultraviolet, visible and infrared light, extremely high frequency
and low frequency electromagnetic fields as well as sound waves is
discussed. The probable mechanisms of remote microbial interactions are
raised. Future trends in the area of microbiology are also viewed.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
8: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2003 Sep-Oct;43(5):519-23.
Related Articles, Links
[Importance of initial status of the nervous system in the developing
of low intensity EMF exposure neuro-effects]
[Article in Russian]
Luk'ianova SN.
State Research Center-Institute of Biophysics, Ministry of Health of
Russia, Moscow, 123182 Russia. ibphgen@rcibph.dol.ru
EMF neuro-effects are weak or under-threshold irritants (from the
position of biological significance) and completely determined by
initial status of nervous system. Initial brain bioelectrical activity
characterized by the first developing symptoms of drowsiness or passive
awaking condition promotes the reaction development. But emotional
tension or somatic activation interfere this process. This dependence
could be remedied by increasing of biological significance of low
intensity EMF and changing of the analyzed physiological parameter.
PMID: 14658281 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
9: Int Immunopharmacol. 2003 Aug;3(8):1235-46.
Related Articles, Links
Neuroendocrine immune interactions in health and disease.
Masek K, Slansky J, Petrovicky P, Hadden JW.
Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy I and II School of Medicine,
Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
The purpose of this paper is to review ways in which the neurohormonal
system can interact with the immune system and to outline the main
mechanisms which are involved in this interaction. Experimental as well
as clinical evidence is presented to support the existence of a close
interaction and bi-directional communication between the central
nervous and immune systems. The role of major endocrine mechanisms and
hormones is discussed. The evidences from experimental work to support
the roles of the nervous system with neurotransmitters, the endocrine
system with hormones, and the immune system with cytokines are
presented. Aging, depression and cancer have a high degree of
co-association and share mechanisms which result in cellular immune
deficiency. Hormone therapy, zinc replenishment, antidepressants,
immunomodulators like MDP act on these pathways to upregulate and
improve cellular immunity. The authors believe that the central nervous
system (CNS)-immune interaction is an important new frontier to be
considered for new combination therapy in diseases with cellular immune
deficiency such as cancer particularly in the aged with depression.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
10: Biofizika. 2003 Jul-Aug;48(4):733-9. Related
Articles, Links
[Some changes in bioelectrical activity of the brain during short
regulated exposure to pulsed electrical fields]
[Article in Russian]
Pestriaev VA.
Ural State Medical Academy, ul. Repina 3, Ekaterinburg, 620219 Russia.
It was shown that short (10 s) exposures of white rats being at rest to
impulse (1 ms) electromagnetic fields (170 A/m) at a fixed frequency of
pulse sequence in the range of the theta-rhythm do not change the
contribution to the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of the harmonic whose
frequency corresponds to the frequency of pulse sequence. By contrast,
treatments with a frequency-pulse modulation at which the interpulse
intervals corresponding to the frequency of the harmonic being studied
were not observed throughout the range of exposure but at which their
high correlation was provided, assisted in decreasing the contribution
of the harmonic to the ECoG spectrum. If the functional state of the
central nervous system was changed by drugs leading to the predominance
of the short-wavelength activity in the ECoG, both regimes of exposure
significantly affected the contribution of the harmonic in the ECoG,
whose direction and dynamics depended on the excitability of neurons.
PMID: 14515495 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
11: G Ital Med Lav Ergon. 2003 Jul-Sep;25(3):364-6.
Related Articles, Links
[Experimental data on extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic
fields]
[Article in Italian]
L'Abbate N.
Sezione di Medicina del Lavoro, DIMIMP, Universita degli Studi di Bari.
At the current state of knowledge, the biological effects both in vitro
and in vivo connected to low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF) are
not univocally interpreted. Indeed a lot of literature seems strictly
related to the particular experimental procedure depending both on the
biological target and the exposure features under consideration. The
best studied biological parameters in vitro are kinetics of cell
proliferation, change in enzymatic activities, intramembrane ionic flux
and integrity of chromosome complement. In general, the study on
genotoxic effects induced by simultaneous exposure to electromagnetic
fields and known chemical or physical mutagenes is based on the theory
that electromagnetic fields may interfere with mutagenic substances
rather than affect directly genetic material. In addition, studies in
vivo confirm different results both in different animal species and in
different (nervous, neuroendocrine, immunitary systems). Finally, in
order to evaluate the wide research activity on this subject, we need
to take into account the main standard criteria adopted by the world
scientific community, such as the peer review process and the
confirmation of experimental data by means of independent repetitions.
PMID: 14582262 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
12: Br J Cancer. 2003 Jun 16;88(12):1939-41. Related
Articles, Links
Possible associations between ELF electromagnetic fields, DNA damage
response processes and childhood leukaemia.
Hone P, Edwards A, Halls J, Cox R, Lloyd D.
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK.
Epidemiology has shown an association between exposure to extremely low
frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) and childhood leukaemia.
The causal nature and biological basis of this association are however
questionable. Studies with aneuploid cell lines raised the hypothesis
that ELF EMF may act as a coleukaemogen by compromising DNA damage
response to genotoxic agents such as ionising radiation. We examined
this hypothesis using gamma-ray-induced dicentric chromosome exchange
in human lymphocytes. The results from 12 h post-gamma-ray exposure to
fields of 0.23, 0.47 and 0.7 mT provide no support to the hypothesis.
The power of the study was sufficient to exclude an ELF enhancement of
chromosomal exchange of 10-15% (2SE).
PMID: 12799640 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
13: Gig Sanit. 2003 May-Jun;(3):14-6. Related
Articles, Links
[Electromagnetic fields and people's health]
[Article in Russian]
Grigor'ev IuG.
A lot of data has been presently accumulated on an unfavorable effect
produced by electromagnetic fields (EMF) of various frequencies on
human organism. However, the mechanisms of the low-intensity EMF
biological actions or the possibility of development of remote
consequences are not clear until now. Due to this, the WHO formulated a
so-called warning concept. The prerequisites of the mentioned
recommendations as well as their topicality and possible application
are under discussion.
PMID: 12852030 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
14: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2003 May-Jun;43(3):351-4.
Related Articles, Links
[Antitumor effect of joint action of low intensity electromagnetic
fields and ultra low doses of doxorubicin]
[Article in Russian]
Ostrovskaia LA, Budnik MI, Korman DB, Bliukhterova NV, Fomina MM,
Rykova VA, Burlakova EB.
Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Moscow, 119991 Russia. l.ostrovskaya@chph.ras.ru
Combined action of a low intensive physical factor and a
chemotherapeutic agent in ultralow doses against Lewis lung carcinoma
was studied. Antitumor activity of low intensiwe electromagnetic field
was expressed as inhibition of tumor growth at 60% compare to control.
Ultra low doses of doxorubicin as well as its standard dose resulted in
inhibition of tumor growth by 60-70% in comparison with control. Joint
action of both factors leaded to increasing in the antitumor effect
that reached such level of tumor growth inhibition as 85% relative to
control.
PMID: 12881995 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
15: Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss. 2003 Apr;96 Spec No 3:30-4.
Related Articles, Links
The interference of electronic implants in low frequency
electromagnetic fields.
Silny J.
Research Center for Bioelectromagnetic Interaction (femu), University
Hospital of Aachen University, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
Electronic implants such as cardiac pacemakers or nerve stimulators can
be impaired in different ways by amplitude-modulated and even
continuous electric or magnetic fields of strong field intensities. For
the implant bearer, possible consequences of a temporary
electromagnetic interference may range from a harmless impairment of
his well-being to a perilous predicament. Electromagnetic interferences
in all types of implants cannot be covered here due to their various
locations in the body and their different sensing systems. Therefore,
this presentation focuses exemplarily on the most frequently used
implant, the cardiac pacemaker. In case of an electromagnetic
interference the cardiac pacemaker reacts by switching to inhibition
mode or to fast asynchronous pacing. At a higher disturbance voltage on
the input of the pacemaker, a regular asynchronous pacing is likely to
arise. In particular, the first-named interference could be highly
dangerous for the pacemaker patient. The interference threshold of
cardiac pacemakers depends in a complex way on a number of different
factors such as: electromagnetic immunity and adjustment of the
pacemaker, the composition of the applied low-frequency fields (only
electric or magnetic fields or combinations of both), their frequencies
and modulations, the type of pacemaker system (bipolar, unipolar) and
its location in the body, as well as the body size and orientation in
the field, and last but not least, certain physiological conditions of
the patient (e.g. inhalation, exhalation). In extensive laboratory
studies we have investigated the interference mechanisms in more than
100 cardiac pacemakers (older types as well as current models) and the
resulting worst-case conditions for pacemaker patients in low-frequency
electric and magnetic fields. The verification of these results in
different practical everyday-life situations, e.g. in the fields of
high-voltage overhead lines or those of electronic article surveillance
systems is currently in progress. In case of the vertically-oriented
electric 50 Hz fields preliminary results show that per 1 kV/m
unimpaired electrical field strength (rms) an interference voltage of
about 400 microVpp as worst-case could occur at the input of a unipolar
ventricularly controlled, left-pectorally implanted cardiac pacemaker.
Thus, already a field strength above ca. 5 kV/m could cause an
interference with an implanted pacemaker. The magnetic fields induces
an electric disturbance voltage at the input of the pacemaker. The body
and the pacemaker system compose several induction loops, whose induced
voltages rates add or subtract. The effective area of one representing
inductive loop ranges from 100 to 221 cm2. For the unfavourable
left-pectorally implantated and atrially-controlled pacemaker with a
low interference threshold, the interference threshold ranges between
552 and 16 microT (rms) for magnetic fields at frequencies between 10
and 250 Hz. On this basis the occurrence of interferences with
implanted pacemakers is possible in everyday-life situations. But
experiments demonstrate a low probability of interference of cardiac
pacemakers in practical situations. This apparent contradiction can be
explained by a very small band of inhibition in most pacemakers and, in
comparison with the worst-case, deviating conditions.
PMID: 12741329 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
16: Gig Sanit. 2003 Mar-Apr;(2):56-8. Related
Articles, Links
[Hygienic evaluation of the combined effect of electromagnetic fields
and pesticides in experimental conditions]
[Article in Russian]
Chernykh AM.
The paper deals with the evaluation of combined effects of some natural
and anthropogenic factors that are typical of the Kursk magnetic
anomaly region by means of dispersion analysis in the experiments on
albino rats and mice. The resultant signs were the indices of animal
deaths, nonspecific protective factors, immune responses, changes in
body weight, etc. A higher geomagnetic field can modify the biological
effects of exposure to agricultural chemicals. The combined effects of
a static electromagnetic field with induction of 300 microT to 0.3 T
and of chlorpyrifos at various concentrations (0.1, 1, 50, and 100
mg/kg) were found to potentiate the toxic properties of the pesticide.
The proportion of the potentiation effects increased as the intensity
of the studied factors rose. The dispersion analysis established a
predominant role of chlorpyrifos in the combined effects of the factors
on the death of animals, serum complementary activity, antibody- and
rosette-forming cells of the spleen and other lymphoid organs. The role
of a static electromagnetic field is prevalent in the formation of
effects of the intensity and completeness of phagocytosis.
PMID: 12861697 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
17: Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys. 2003 Feb;67(2 Pt
1):022902. Epub 2003 Feb 13. Related Articles, Links
Electromagnetic optimization of light-harvesting proteins.
Etchegoin P, Maher RC.
The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road,
SW7 2BW London, United Kingdom. p.etchegoin@ic.ac.uk
The problem of electromagnetic optimization of the structure of
light-harvesting proteins is studied within a simplified diffraction
scheme. It is suggested that evolutionary pressures for protein
antennae has resulted in molecular structures that optimize the
absorption in the light-sensitive pigments. Bacteriorhodopsin is shown
to be an exceptional case in terms of optimization, a fact that can be
connected to its extremely high sensitivity as a light detector down to
a single photon level.
PMID: 12636726 [PubMed]
18: Yonsei Med J. 2003 Feb;44(1):133-7. Related
Articles, Links
How much are anesthesiologists exposed to electromagnetic fields in
operating rooms?
Lee JH, Lee HC, Kim HD, Kim JY, Kim DW, Nam YT, Kim KJ.
Department of Anesthesiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine,
134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-752, Korea.
kkj6063@yumc.yonsei.ac.kr
Numerous electronic devices have been introduced into the operating
room. Although little is known about the relationship between exposure
to electromagnetic fields (EMF) and health hazards, some authors
reported its association with cancer or other diseases. We measured the
amount of EMF exposure that an anesthesiologist gets in the operating
room. The density of the magnetic field was checked by an extremely low
frequency (ELF) field strength measurement system in the 19 operating
rooms of our hospital. We measured the magnetic field intensity at a
distance of 30 cm, 50 cm, and at the place where the anesthesiologist
usually stands from the center of the main monitor. The average
exposure quantities of magnetic fields in 19 operating rooms were 2.22
+/- 1.13 mG at 30 cm, 1.29 +/- 0.84 mG at 50 cm and 1.00 +/- 0.78 mG at
the anesthesiologist's standing points respectively. Because quantities
over 2 or 3 mG were accepted to be high radiation levels of EMF by many
reports describing the hazards of EMF, we set 2 mG to be the cutoff
value. In some of the 19 operating rooms, the measured EMF density
exceeded our cutoff value. Although the health hazards related to EMF
exposure are still equivocal, anesthesiologists should consider making
an effort to improve their environment and reduce their exposure to EMF.
PMID: 12619186 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
19: Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg. 2003;27(2-3):89-100.
Related Articles, Links
About the biological effects of high and extremely high frequency
electromagnetic fields.
Mileva K, Georgieva B, Radicheva N.
SESRC, South Bank University, London, UK.
This paper deals with the effects of high (microwave) and extremely
high (millimetre waves, MMW) frequency electromagnetic fields on the
membrane processes and ion channels, molecular complexes, excitable and
other structures. Microwaves as well as millimetre waves are widely
used in medical practice and in everyday life. The existence of
interaction between the exogenous and endogenous electromagnetic fields
with biological systems is now a subject of intense discussion. The
most contentious question is the existence of a possible specific
(non-thermal) effect of microwaves, unrelated to that caused by
increased temperature. Although numerous data have been published on
the possible non-thermal effects of the studied electromagnetic fields
on different kinds of living systems, only little understanding is
gained about the modes of microwave action. Here we review data, which
provide evidence that non-thermal microwave effects do exist and may
play a significant role. This evidence is based on research at all
biological levels, from cell-free systems through cells, tissues and
organs, to animal and human organisms.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
20: Fiziol Zh. 2003;49(2):35-44. Related Articles,
Links
[Mechanisms of primary reception of electromagnetic waves of optical
range]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Huliar SO, Lymans'kyi IuP.
A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine, ZEPTER-Medical Sciences Information Center, Kiev.
An existence of separate functional system of regulation of
electromagnetic balance of organism has been substantiated and a
working conception of light therapy has been formulated. As a basis,
there is a possibility to use the acupuncture points for input of
biologically necessary electromagnetic waves into the system of their
conductors in a body that might be considered as a transport facility
for energy of the polarized electromagnetic waves. Zones-recipients are
organs having an electromagnetic disbalance due to excess of
biologically inadequate radiation and being the targets for peroxide
oxidation. Foremost, a body has the neurohormonal and immune regulatory
systems. Electromagnetic stimulation or modification of functions of
the zones-recipients determines the achievement of therapeutic and
useful effects, and their combination with local reparative processes
allows to attain a clinical goal. We represent own and literary
experimental data about the development of physiological responses
(analgesia) to BIOPTRON-light exposure on the acupuncture points or
biologically active zones. We show the experimental facts in support of
a hypothesis that a living organism can perceive an action of the
electromagnetic fields of optical range not only via the visual system,
but also through the off-nerve receptors (specific energy-sensitive
proteins detecting critical changes of energy in cells and functioning
as the "sensory" cell systems), as well as via the acupuncture points.
It confirms an important role of the electromagnetic waves of optical
range in providing normal vital functions of living organisms. A
current approach to BIOPTRON light therapy (by polarized polychromatic
coherent low energy light) consists in combined (local and system)
exposure of the electromagnetic waves within the biologically necessary
range.
PMID: 12945112 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
21: Fiziol Zh. 2003;49(1):87-93. Related Articles,
Links
[Changes in reactions in rats during hypokinesia and electromagnetic
irradiation of ultrahigh frequency]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Temur'iants NA, Chuian OM, Verko NP, Moskovchuk OB, Tumaniants OM,
Shyshko OIu, Min'ko VA, Kurtseitova EE.
Tavritcheskiy University by V.I. Vernadsky, Sympheropol.
The effects of low intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF) on the
hypokinetic stress were studied on rats. It has been shown that
exposure to EMF, combined with hypokinesia or without it, prevented the
typical stress reaction on the limited motility. EMF was determined to
modify the adaptive processes which resulted in the adaptive activation
and limiting stress reaction. Adaptation was characterized with lower
anxiety and excitability of the central nervous system, and a higher
level of non-specific resistance, as compared to the stress reaction.
PMID: 12669526 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
22: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2003;106(4):391-6.
Related Articles, Links
Rapporteur report: other tissues.
Sienkiewicz Z.
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire,
OX11 0RQ, UK. zenon.sienkiewicz@nrpb.org
This report covers the session devoted to 'other tissues'. It considers
the effects of internal electric fields such as those induced by
exposure to weak, extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields,
on cardiac physiology, neuroendocrine (pineal) function and on the
processes of tissue repair and embryonic development. Summaries are
provided for each of the papers presented, and the major aspects of the
plenary session are discussed. Overall, these tissues and processes
were not considered to be sensitive to the direct effects of weak ELF
fields, although indirect effects may occur via field induced changes
to the central nervous system.
Publication Types:
* Congresses
23: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2003;106(4):357-61.
Related Articles, Links
Rapporteur report: weak field interactions in the central nervous
system.
Saunders RD.
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire,
UK. richard.saunders@nrpb.org
Experimental evidence was presented of the interaction of extremely low
frequency (ELF) physiologically weak electric fields (that is, internal
fields of around 1-1000 mV m(-1)) with tissues of the central nervous
system and the consequences of this for visual and cognitive function.
These internal fields are higher than those induced in the body by
exposure to environmental EMFs, but are small compared to nerve
excitation thresholds. Two papers considered the effect of weak
electric fields directly applied to hippocampal tissue in vitro on
neuronal excitability assessed from evoked responses and on the
modulation of neural network activity involving large numbers of
individual neurons. A review was presented of the effects on electrical
measures of perceptual and cognitive processes and on the performance
of various behavioural tasks in volunteers exposed to electromagnetic
fields. Finally, two papers addressed the visual perception of
flickering light--phosphenes--in volunteers exposed to ELF magnetic
fields. The first examined possible physiological origins of this
phenomenon and the second assessed the induced electric fields and
currents in the retina, using complex dosimetric modelling. These
papers were discussed in several plenary sessions and in one breakout
group, all of which are briefly summarised in this report.
Publication Types:
* Congresses
24: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2003;106(4):341-8.
Related Articles, Links
Interaction of low frequency electric fields with the nervous system:
the retina as a model system.
Attwell D.
Department of Physiology, University College London, Gower Street,
London WC1E 6BT, UK. d.attwell@ucl.ac.uk
The retina provides an example of effects, the visually perceived
'phosphenes', being generated in nervous tissue by external electric or
magnetic fields of low frequency and intensity. What is known about the
cellular mechanisms by which the phosphenes are generated is reviewed,
whether they provide useful information for setting limits on the
magnitude of induced electric fields to which nervous tissue can be
safely exposed is assessed, and some difficulties in translating these
values of internal fields into safe values of external electric or
magnetic fields are considered.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
25: Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2003;106(4):317-9.
Related Articles, Links
Rapporteur report: interaction mechanisms.
Veyret B.
PIOM Laboratory, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
b.veyret@enscpb.fr
Three papers were presented in the session on the interaction
mechanisms of weak electric fields induced in the body by exposure to
extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields with biological systems,
particularly the central nervous system. The first paper considered the
plausibility of various interaction mechanisms. The second paper dealt
with voltage gated ion channels and the way in which they could be
involved in the generation of biological effects. The final paper
described a kinetic proofreading mechanism, sensitive, in theory, to
very low level perturbations. These papers were discussed in a plenary
session and in one breakout group, all of which are briefly summarised
in this report.
Publication Types:
* Congresses
26: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2003 Jan-Feb;43(1):87-92.
Related Articles, Links
[Effects of low-intensity extremely high frequency electromagnetic
radiation on chromatin structure of lymphoid cells in vivo and in vitro]
[Article in Russian]
Gapeev AB, Lushnikov KV, Shumilina IuV, Sirota NP, Sadovnikov VB,
Chemeris NK.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, 142290 Russia. gapeyev@ich.psn.ru
Using a comet assay technique, it was shown for the first time that
low-intensity extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF
EMR) in vivo causes oppositely directed effects on spatial organization
of chromatin in cells of lymphoid organs. In 3 hrs after single
whole-body exposure of NMRI mice for 20 min at 42.0 GHz and 0.15
mW/cm2, an increase by 16% (p < 0.03 as compared with control) and a
decrease by 16% (p < 0.001) in fluorescence intensity of nucleoids
stained with ethidium bromide were found in thymocytes and splenocytes,
respectively. The fluorescence intensity of stained nucleoids in
peripheral blood leukocytes was not changed after the exposure. The
exposure of cells of Raji hunan lymphoid line and peripheral blood
leukocytes to the EHF EMR in vitro induced a decrease in fluorescence
intensity by 23% (p < 0.001) and 18% (p < 0.05), respectively.
These effects can be determined by changes in a number of physiological
alkali-labile sites in DNA of exposed cells. We suggested that the
effects of low-intensity EHF EMR on the immune system cells are
realized with the participation of neuroendocrine and central nervous
systems.
PMID: 12677665 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
27: Wiad Lek. 2003;56(9-10):434-41. Related
Articles, Links
[Application of variable magnetic fields in medicine--15 years
experience]
[Article in Polish]
Sieron A, Cieslar G.
Katedra i Klinika Chorob Wewnetrznych, Angiologii i Medycyny Fizykalnej
SAM, ul. Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom. sieron@mediclub.pl
The results of 15-year own experimental and clinical research on
application of variable magnetic fields in medicine were presented. In
experimental studies analgesic effect (related to endogenous opioid
system and nitrogen oxide activity) and regenerative effect of variable
magnetic fields with therapeutical parameters was observed. The
influence of this fields on enzymatic and hormonal activity, free
oxygen radicals, carbohydrates, protein and lipid metabolism,
dielectric and rheological properties of blood as well as behavioural
reactions and activity of central dopamine receptor in experimental
animals was proved. In clinical studies high therapeutic efficacy of
magnetotherapy and magnetostimulation in the treatment of
osteoarthrosis, abnormal ossification, osteoporosis, nasosinusitis,
multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, spastic paresis, diabetic
polyneuropathy and retinopathy, vegetative neurosis, peptic ulcers,
colon irritable and trophic ulcers was confirmed.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
28: Bioelectromagnetics. 2002 Dec;23(8):568-77.
Related Articles, Links
Occupational exposures to high frequency electromagnetic fields in the
intermediate range ( >300 Hz-10 MHz).
Floderus B, Stenlund C, Carlgren F.
Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm,
Sweden. birgitta.floderus@imm.ki.se
The aim of this study was to identify work situations with
electromagnetic fields of 300 Hz-10 MHz and to characterize the
occupational exposure. Work place investigations included descriptions
of the work environment and physical measurements. We estimated
electric (E) and magnetic (H) fields by spot measurements in air, by
logged exposure data, and when possible, we recorded induced currents
in limbs. The instruments used were Wandel and Golterman EFA-3, NARDA
8718, Holaday HI-3702. The exposure sources comprised five induction
furnaces, seven induction heaters, one surface treatment equipment,
four units of electronic article surveillance (EAS), and medical
devices for surgery and muscle stimulation. The induction furnaces
operated at 480 Hz-7 kHz, and the maximum values of logged data varied
between 512-2,093 V/m (E field) and 10.5-87.3 A/m (H field). The
induction heaters (3.8 kHz-1.25 MHz) also showed high maximum exposure
values of both E and H fields. Three EAS units, an electromagnetic
plate at a library, a luggage control unit, and an antitheft gate,
showed E fields reaching 658-1,069 V/m. The H fields were comparatively
lower, except for the antitheft gate (5 and 7.5 kHz) showing a maximum
value of 27.2 A/m (recorded during repair). Induced currents of 5-13 mA
were measured for the medical devices. The study improves the basis for
an exposure assessment for epidemiological studies of long term effects
of exposures to high frequency electromagnetic fields. Copyright 2002
Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 12395411 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
29: Gesundheitswesen. 2002 Dec;64(12):651-6. Related
Articles, Links
[In the consumers' interest: precautionary principles for protection
against electromagnetic fields]
[Article in German]
Dehos A, Weiss W.
Bundesamt fur Strahlenschutz, Institut fur Strahlenhygiene.
adehos@bfs.de
The considerable increase in using mobile communication which will
increase when new technologies, such as UMTS, are introduced has
resulted in further public interest concerning the possible health
risks from electromagnetic fields of cellular phone networks. In view
of evaluating the scientific state-of-the art, it has been shown that
based on the available scientific results, the individual risk in view
of proved health consequences is considered low. There are, however,
indications of biological effects of high-frequency electromagnetic
fields, even at intensities below the currently applied limit values or
recommendations for limit values. Although the health relevance of
these effects is still unclear, they give reason to precautionary
measures with the object to minimise possible health risks which might
affect a large number of persons. The precautionary measures
recommended by the Federal Office for Radiation Protection include
three principles: 1. Exposure of the general public to electromagnetic
fields should be as low as possible. This applies for both the fixed
parts of cellular phone networks and for mobile phones. 2. The
population should be informed of risks in an objective and
comprehensive way and be involved in the decisions on the construction
and operation of cellular phone networks. 3. Scientific uncertainties
should be reduced by means of well-directed research programmes. These
precautionary measures and the significance of limit values are
explained below.
PMID: 12516016 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Basic etiological factors, pathogenetic mechanisms, and clinical forms
of meteopathic reactions]
[Article in Russian]
Zunnunov ZP.
The paper reviews basic etiological factors of meteopathic reactions,
presents a scheme of pathogenetic mechanisms of the development and
clinical classification. Meteopathic reactions are attributed to the
following causing factors: atmospheric electromagnetic impacts
("storms"), change of thermobaric situation ("hypoxic weather for
"spastic"), weather situation of the intermediate type. Pathogenetic
mechanisms of meteopathic reactions provoke the following developments:
electromagnetic impacts irritate the cells of afferent nervous ends,
weather hypoxic conditions aggravate lack of oxygen of affected organs
and tissues, spasm of vascular smooth muscles worsens transport of
oxygen to organs and tissues causing capillary-trophic insufficiency.
Clinically, meteopathic reactions run latently or manifest as
aggrevation of preexisting diseases. Hence, meteopathic reactions are
divided into cerebral, cardial, respiratory, peripheral, abdominal
(visceral) and combined; mild, moderate and severe.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
31: Health Phys. 2002 Sep;83(3):366-75. Related
Articles, Links
Weak electric field interactions in the central nervous system.
Saunders RD, Jefferys JG.
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire.
richard.saunders@nrpb.org
Exposure to extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields will
induce electric fields and currents within the body, but these are
almost always much lower than those that can stimulate peripheral nerve
tissue. Guidance on exposure to such fields has been published by NRPB
and ICNIRP, which is based on the avoidance of acute effects in the
central nervous system. Weak electric field effects, below action
potential thresholds, have been demonstrated in vitro in brain slice
preparations; thresholds can be estimated to be above about 1 mV mm(-1)
(around 100 mA m(-2), taking a brain tissue conductivity of around 0.1
S m(-1)), depending on stimulus conditions. Some studies suggest
possible effects at lower induced field strengths. The intact nervous
system might be expected to be more sensitive to induced electric
fields and currents than in vitro preparations, due to a higher level
of spontaneous activity and a greater number of interacting neurons.
There is good evidence that electrically excitable cells in the retina
can be affected in vivo by induced currents as low as 10 mA m(-2). It
has been suggested that induced current densities above 10 mA m(-2) may
have effects on other central nervous system functions but few studies
have been carried out. Further research in experimental animals using
both in vitro and in vivo approaches is needed to clarify this issue.
PMID: 12199550 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
32: Health Phys. 2002 Sep;83(3):341-55. Related
Articles, Links
Neuroelectric mechanisms applied to low frequency electric and magnetic
field exposure guidelines--part I: sinusoidal waveforms.
Reilly JP.
jpatrickreilly@erols.com
Electric and magnetic field exposure guidelines are developed from
established mechanisms of bioelectric interaction. Such mechanisms
involve phenomena of electrostimulation-the functional influence of
applied electrical forces on nerve and muscle, and, at quasi-static
frequencies, on magneto-dynamic mechanisms. The paper develops criteria
of human reactions based on theoretical models with parametric values
derived from experimental observations. These basic restrictions on
electrostimulation effects are referenced to the induced in situ
electric fields. Basic limitations are differentiated for induction in
the heart, peripheral nerves, the extremities, and the central nervous
system. The paper recommends maximum permissible exposure limits which
account for (a) adverse reaction criteria, (b) statistical distribution
of reaction thresholds, and (c) acceptability factors. From the basic
limitations the paper further develops reference levels which apply to
environmental electric or magnetic fields.
PMID: 12199548 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
33: Health Phys. 2002 Sep;83(3):324-32. Related
Articles, Links
Exposure guidelines for low-frequency electric and magnetic fields:
report from the Brussels workshop.
Sheppard AR, Kavet R, Renew DC.
ashersheppard@compuserve.com
The EMF Exposure Guidelines Science Workshop was held to evaluate the
information base for guidelines for electric and magnetic field
exposures at extremely low frequencies, to identify research needs, and
to discuss how best to apply scientific knowledge in developing
exposure recommendations. Although the existing guideline values are
based on electrostimulation of nerve and muscle tissues, guidelines
must also consider controversial studies of potential health effects
from chronic exposures at environmental levels that are far too weak to
cause electrostimulation. The size of the safety factor applied in
specifying exposure limits reflects a variety of factors that introduce
uncertainties. These include confidence in existing dose-effect
relationships, population diversity, the reliability and precision of
techniques to control over-exposure, and completeness of the
information base, particularly regarding long-term effects. Specific
research questions that can change the level of uncertainty
meaningfully were identified in these areas: biophysical mechanisms of
electrostimulation; the range of thresholds throughout exposed
populations; cancer causation in children and adults, including a
possible role for contact currents; cognitive, behavioral, and
physiological effects on the central nervous system; improved
dosimetry; and better understanding of electromagnetic interference
with implanted biomedical devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators,
and physiological monitors. This report introduces ten papers from the
workshop that address these and related topics in detail.
PMID: 12199546 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
34: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2002 Sep-Oct;42(5):533-45.
Related Articles, Links
[Effects of extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation on the
immune system and systemic regulation of homeostasis]
[Article in Russian]
Lushnikov KV, Gapeev AB, Chemeris NK.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, 142290 Russia.
Low-intensity of electromagnetic radiation of extremely high
frequencies (EHF EMR) is effectively used in medical practice for
diagnostics, prevention and treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases
of different etiology. However, in spite of existence of many
hypotheses about mechanisms of EHF EMR effects on the molecular and
cellular levels of organization of living systems, there is not
conception that could explain all diversity of the EHF-therapy effects
from unified approach. In our opinion, the problem of determination of
mechanisms of EHF EMR effects on living organism is divided into two
basic tasks: first, determining subcellular structures which can
receive radiation, and, second, studying physiological reactions of the
organism which are caused by radiation. It is obviously, that
investigation of functions of single cells and subcellular elements can
not entirely explain therapeutic effects and mechanisms of EHF EMR
influence on multicellular organism on the whole. Plenty of functional
relationships between organs and systems of organs should be taken into
account. In the present review, a realization of the EHF-therapy
effects due to the influence on immune system functions and start of
system mechanisms of maintenance of the homeostasis on the organism
level is hypothesized. Potential targets for EHF EMR acception on the
level of different systems of the organism are analysed. The material
is formed so that functional relations between immune system and other
regulatory systems (nervous and endocrine systems) are traced.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
35: Epidemiol Prev. 2002 Jul-Aug;26(4):171-5.
Related Articles, Links
[Subjective non-specific symptoms related with electromagnetic fields:
description of 2 cases]
[Article in Italian]
Gobba F.
Dipartimento di scienze igienistiche, Universita di Modena e Reggio
Emilia via Campi 287, 41100 Modena. f.gobba@unimo.it
In Italy, as in other countries, an apparently increasing number of
subjects is reporting a variety of subjective symptoms that the
subjects themselves refer to the exposure to electric, magnetic or
electromagnetic fields (EMF) from nearby electric appliances, cellular
phones, antennas, etc. Terms like electricity hypersensitivity (EHS),
EMF hypersensitivity, or other similar, are frequently adopted to
describe such symptoms; nevertheless, up to now, these terms are not
entered the medical terminology. No accepted diagnostic criteria or
procedures for the diagnosis of EHS are currently available.
Furthermore, apart from the subject's self-attribution of the symptoms
to EMFs, no direct cause-effect relationship between EHS symptoms and
electromagnetic fields has been proved; additionally, evidence of a
possible pathogenetic mechanism is lacking. In this paper, two cases
developing symptoms of EHS ascribed to overhead power line in the
proximity of their house are discussed. Nervous system (asthenia,
depression, paraesthesias etc.), cardiovascular system (cardiac
palpitations) and the skin (tingling, itching, etc.), are mostly (but
not exclusively) involved. Based on available scientific knowledge, the
rationale for an approach to subjects claiming for EHS is discussed.
The establishment of a National archive for the collection of cases is
communicated.
Publication Types:
* Case Reports
36: Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002 Jul;23 Suppl 2:4-104.
Related Articles, Links
Light, endocrine systems and cancer - facts and research perspectives.
Proceedings and abstracts of the Cologne Light Symposium 2002. May 2-3.
2002. Cologne, Germany.
[No authors listed]
Publication Types:
* Congresses
* Overall
37: Bioelectrochemistry. 2002 May 15;56(1-2):207-9.
Related Articles, Links
Understanding conditions for which biological effects of nonionizing
electromagnetic fields can be expected.
Weaver JC.
Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Room 16 319, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
jim@hstbme.mit.edu
Scientific interest in the interaction of nonionizing electromagnetic
fields with biological systems is longstanding, but often still
controversial. Theories, models and computer simulations have usually
emphasized physical interactions with subsystems (e.g. cell membranes)
of a biological system. By extending this first necessary physical step
to a second step of explicitly and quantitatively considering chemical
changes, increased understanding appears possible. In the case of
"strong fields", the role of field-altered chemistry is important to
electrochemotherapy [Biochem. Pharmacol. 42, Suppl. (1991) 567] and
creation of transdermal microconduits [Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. 49
(1999) 11; J. Controlled Release 61 (1999) 185; J. Invest. Dermatol.
116 (2001) 40] For "weak fields" (a topic with much more controversy)
consideration of chemical change shows that organized multicellular
systems can be understood to respond to extremely small electric [Chaos
8 (1998) 576] or magnetic fields [Nature 405 (2000) 707]. In contrast,
isolated individual cells interacting via voltage-gated channels [Proc.
Natl. Acad. Sci. 92 (1995) 3740; Biophys. J. 75 (1998) 2251;
Bioelectromagnetics 20 (1999) 102], or processes without "temperature
compensation" [Biophys. J. 76 (1999) 3026], appear implausible.
Satisfactory understanding is likely only if experimental and
theoretical work is reconciled, which should therefore be emphasized.
The interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological systems is of
interest because of fundamental scientific curiosity, potential medical
benefits and possible human health hazards.
PMID: 12009476 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
38: Phys Rev Lett. 2002 Mar 11;88(10):100401. Epub 2002 Feb
26. Related Articles, Links
Multimode interferometer for guided matter waves.
Andersson E, Calarco T, Folman R, Andersson M, Hessmo B, Schmiedmayer J.
Department of Physics, Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044
Stockholm, Sweden.
Atoms can be trapped and guided with electromagnetic fields, using
nanofabricated structures. We describe the fundamental features of an
interferometer for guided matter waves, built of two combined Y-shaped
beam splitters. We find that such a device is expected to exhibit high
contrast fringes even in a multimode regime, analogous to a white light
interferometer.
PMID: 11909331 [PubMed]
39: J Neurosurg. 2002 Feb;96(2):331-4. Related
Articles, Links
Electromagnetic field hazards involving adjustable shunt valves in
hydrocephalus.
Schneider T, Knauff U, Nitsch J, Firsching R.
Department of Neurosurgery, and Institute of Fundamental Electrical
Engineering and Electromagnetic Compatibility, Otto-von-Guericke
University, Magdeburg, Germany.
Thomas.Schneider@medizin.uni-magdeburg.de
OBJECT: Standard therapy for hydrocephalus involves shunts and valves,
which are frequently adjustable. Because of increasing "electromagnetic
smog" (for example, that generated by cellular phones), these valves
are often exposed to electromagnetic fields. METHODS: Various magnetic
fields were tested for their effects on two different kinds of
adjustable valves. The minimum magnetic flux density affecting the
adjustment of the valve was determined. Results were compared with
magnetic fields found in contemporary everyday life. In homogeneous
magnetic fields the adjustment of one valve (Sophysa model SM8) was
changed at 5 mT, whereas the second valve (Codman Hakim model CM) was
not affected. In nonhomogeneous fields the SM8 valve was affected at 25
mT and the CM valve at 15 mT. Thus, these valves may be affected by
headphones and telephone receivers. Surroundings such as the Japanese
magnetic suspension railway and the lead cabin of electrical railway
engines, in which critical levels of magnetic flux may be present, may
also affect adjustable valves. The high-frequency fields of cellular
phones, however, have no effect on these valves. CONCLUSIONS: Every
surgeon who implants these valves and every patient who receives them
should know the possible hazards. The valve selection should be adapted
to the environment of the patient. Devices with critical levels of
electromagnetic flux that are used in the homes of patients should be
replaced by ones with lower magnetic fields. The future construction of
these valves should be modified in such a way that their adjustment
requires a higher magnetic flux density, so that the valves become less
sensitive to unwanted effects from environmental magnetic fields.
PMID: 11838808 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
40: Arch Med Res. 2002 Jan-Feb;33(1):29-32. Related
Articles, Links
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on
hematologic and immunologic parameters in welders.
Dasdag S, Sert C, Akdag Z, Batun S.
Department of Biophysics, Medical School of Dicle University,
Diyarbakir, Turkey. dasdag@dicle.edu.tr
BACKGROUND: Electric arc welding is known to cause considerable
exposure to extremely low frequency magnetic fields. Although some
studies of exposure to magnetic fields and epidemiologic studies have
included groups of welders, typically little information is available
concerning the hematologic and immunologic effects of ELF
electromagnetic fields on welders. Therefore, the aim of the present
study is to investigate whether or not extremely low frequency
electromagnetic fields (ELF EMF) emitted from electric arc welding
affect some hematologic and immunologic parameters of welders. METHODS:
The study was carried out on 16 male welders and 14 healthy males
between 20 and 40 years of age from the same geographic area and with
similar life styles. The following hematologic and immunologic
parameters were measured in both groups: red blood cells (RBC);
hemoglobin (Hgb); hematocrit (Hct); platelets (Plt); total white blood
cells (WBC); neutrophils; lymphocytes; eosinophils; and CD3, CD4, CD8,
and CD4/CD8. RESULTS: Some of the hematologic and immunologic
parameters under investigation were similar in both groups. Although T
lymphocyte surface antigens, such as levels of CD4 and CD8(,) were
found to be lower in the welders than in the control subjects (p
<0.001, p <0.05), the hematocrit levels of the welders were found
to be higher than those of the control subjects (p <0.05). However,
the differences observed were not clinically significant. ELF
electromagnetic field intensities in the welding areas varied between
0.10 and 0.25 mT. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that ELF
electromagnetic fields do not affect the hematologic and immunologic
parameters of welders.
PMID: 11825628 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
41: Biofizika. 2002 Jan-Feb;47(1):71-7. Related
Articles, Links
[Suppression of nonspecific resistance of the body under the effect of
extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity]
[Article in Russian]
Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, 142290 Russia.
The dynamics of leukocyte number and functional activity of peripheral
blood neutrophils under whole-body exposure of healthy mice to
low-intensity extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF
EMR, 42.0 GHz, 0.15 mW/cm2, 20 min daily) was studied. It was shown
that the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood neutrophils was
suppressed by about 50% (p < 0.01 as compared with the sham-exposed
control) in 2-3 h after the single exposure to EHF EMR. The effect
persisted for 1 day after the exposure, and then the phagocytic
activity of neutrophils returned to the norm within 3 days. A
significant modification of the leukocyte blood profile in mice exposed
to EHF EMR for 5 days was observed after the cessation of exposures:
the number of leukocytes increased by 44% (p < 0.05 as compared with
sham-exposed animals), mostly due to an increase in the lymphocyte
content. The supposition was made that EHF EMR effects can be mediated
via the metabolic systems of arachidonic acid and the stimulation of
adenylate cyclase activity, with subsequent increase in the
intracellular cAMP level. The results indicated that the whole-body
exposure of healthy mice to low-intensity EHF EMR has a profound effect
on the indices of nonspecific immunity.
PMID: 11855293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
42: Lik Sprava. 2002;(1):26-30. Related Articles,
Links
[Effect of low intensity electromagnetic waves from cell phones on
human health]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Kliap SI, Kuryk MV.
Data on the negative effect of low-intensity electromagnetic waves on
organs and systems of the human body are submitted together with
results of studies into efficiency of use of protective devices.
PMID: 11944372 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
43: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2002;(9):10-8. Related
Articles, Links
[Biologic effects and hygienic regulation of electromagnetic fields
caused by mobile communication devices]
[Article in Russian]
Suvorov GA, Pal'tsev IuP, Rubtsova NB, Pokhodzei LV, Lazarenko NV,
Kleshchenok OI, Petrova LP, Loshchilov IuA, Sterlikov AV, Romanov VA,
Gavrish NN.
The authors present results of hygienic, physiologic and experimental
studies and mathematic simulation of biologic effects. Experimental
studies (by functional state of CNS and immune system, cytologic
examination of rats' lens epithelium) on 450 and 900 MHz frequencies
prove the intensity of 1,900 MW/cm2 to be hazardous for animals and
supraliminal.
PMID: 12412335 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
44: NeuroRehabilitation. 2002;17(1):9-22. Related
Articles, Links
Physical mechanisms in neuroelectromagnetic therapies.
Liboff AR, Jenrow KA.
Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
liboff@oakland.edu
Physical parameters that are used to characterize different types of
electromagnetic devices used in neurotherapy can include power,
frequency, carrier frequency, current, magnetic field intensity, and
whether an application is primarily electric or primarily magnetic.
Currents can range from tens of microamperes to hundreds of
milliamperes, magnetic fields from tens of microtesla to more than one
tesla, and frequencies from a few Hz to more than 50 GHz. A division
into three device categories is proposed, based on the current applied
and the specificity of the therapeutic signal. Two research areas have
great potential for new neuroelectromagnetic strategies. Studies of
endogenous neural oscillatory states suggest using external fields to
reinforce or inhibit such states. Also, various independent groups have
reported that weak magnetic fields, in particular ion cyclotron
resonance fields, are capable of sharply altering behavior in rats.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
45: Ter Arkh. 2002;74(9):42-5. Related Articles,
Links
[Effect of superhigh frequency electromagnetic fields and physical
exercise on physical performance and extrasystole in myocardial
ischemia patients with stable angina pectoris]
[Article in Russian]
Klemenkov SV, Chashchin NF, Kubushko IV, Klemenkov AS.
AIM: To study impact of UHF electromagnetic fields in combination with
bicycle exercise on muscular performance (MP) and extrasystole (ES) in
IHD patients with stable angina of functional class 1 and 2 (SA).
MATERIAL AND METHODS: The trial included 112 IHD patients with SA and
ES. 36 of them were exposed to coursed electromagnetic fields (40 W, on
heart area). The other 42 patients received the same treatment and
exercised on bicycle ergometer. 34 patients received placebo procedures
and did therapeutic exercises. The effect was assessed with
spiroveloergometry and ECG Holter ambulatory monitoring. RESULTS: It
was found that 40 W UHF electromagnetic fields in combination with
exercise on veloergometer exert a training effect in IHD patients with
extrasystole manifesting with higher physical performance and coronary
heart reserve. The antiarrhythmic effect consisted in a significant
daily fall in mean ventricular ES number by 48.2%, supraventricular EX
by 54.8%. CONCLUSION: Combined application of 40 W UHF electromagnetic
fields on heart area with bicycle exercise is effective in IHD patients
with ES.
Publication Types:
* Clinical Trial
* Controlled Clinical Trial
46: Ugeskr Laeger. 2001 Dec 31;164(1):50-4. Related
Articles, Links
[Exposure to electromagnetic fields and risk of central nervous system
diseases among employees at Danish electric companies]
[Article in Danish]
Johansen C.
Institut for Epidemiologisk Kraeftforskning, Kraeftens Bekaempelse,
Strandboulevarden 49, DK-2100 Kobenhavn. christof@cancer.dk
INTRODUCTION: Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields has been
associated with neurological diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, senile dementia, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's
disease. MATERIAL AND METHOD: I studied the incidence of disease in the
central nervous system in 30,631 persons employed at Danish electric
companies between 1900 and 1993. I linked the cohort to the nationwide,
population-based Danish National Register of Patients and compared the
number of cases of these diseases found between 1978 and 1993 with the
corresponding rates in the general population. In addition, I fit the
data on utility workers to a multiplicative Poisson regression model in
relation to estimated levels of exposure to 50 Hz electromagnetic
fields. RESULTS: Overall, there was an increase in the risk of senile
dementia and motor neuron diseases combined. The incidences of
Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and other diseases of the
central nervous system were essentially unrelated to exposure to
electromagnetic fields. A decreased risk of epilepsy compared with the
general population probably reflects a healthy worker effect; I
observed an increased risk of epilepsy based on internal comparisons.
DISCUSSION: The increased risk of senile dementia and motor neuron
diseases may be associated with above average levels of exposure to
electromagnetic fields.
PMID: 11810798 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
47: Immunol Invest. 2001 Nov;30(4):313-34. Related
Articles, Links
Nonlinear determinism in the immune system. In vivo influence of
electromagnetic fields on different functions of murine lymphocyte
subpopulations.
Marino AA, Wolcott RM, Chervenak R, Jourd'heuil F, Nilsen E, Frilot C
2nd.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center,
Shreveport, Louisiana 71130-3932, USA. amarino@lsuhsc.edu
Animal studies of the effects of low-frequency electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) on the immune system appear inconsistent, and recent evidence
indicates that inconspicuous experimental problems are not responsible.
We hypothesized that the inconsistencies resulted from use of linear
methods and models to study inherently nonlinear input-output
relationships. Using a novel analytical method, we found that exposure
of mice to 5 G, 60 Hz, for 1-105 days in 6 independent experiments
consistently affected a broad panel of immune variables when and only
when the reaction of the immune system was modeled to allow the
possibility of nonlinearity in the relationship between the field and
the immune variables. It was possible to mimic the pattern observed in
the immune data by sampling from a known chaotic system, suggesting the
possibility that the observed pattern was the result of intrinsic
nonlinear regulatory mechanisms in the immune system. Overall, the
results suggested that lymphoid sub-populations were vulnerable to the
physiological consequences of EMF transduction, that it may never be
possible to predict specific changes in particular immune-system
variables, and that the underlying behavior of the immune system (that
which occurs in the absence of specific inputs) may be governed by laws
that manifest extreme sensitivity to prior states.
PMID: 11777283 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
48: Pol Merkuriusz Lek. 2001 Nov;11(65):447-51.
Related Articles, Links
[Immunotropic effects of electromagnetic fields in the range of radio-
and microwave frequencies]
[Article in Polish]
Dabrowski MP, Stankiewicz W, Sobiczewska E, Szmigielski S.
Zaklad Ochrony Mikrofalowej Wojskowego Instytutu Higieny i
Epidemiologii w Warszawie.
On the grounds of reviewed literature and the results of own
experiments, the authors present current views on the possible
immunotropic influence of low energy electromagnetic fields, in the
range of radio- and microwave frequencies. They conclude, that a more
systematic and multidisciplinary investigations should be undertaken,
comprising the wide spectrum of immune homeostatic tasks, including
defensive, immunoregulatory and pro-regenerative capabilities of immune
system exposed to rapid environmental spread of different
electromagnetic emitters.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
49: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Nov-Dec;41(6):706-11.
Related Articles, Links
[Electromagnetic components of a modern urbanized environment]
[Article in Russian]
Bobrakov SN, Kartashev AG.
Research Institute of Biiology and Biophysics at Tomsk State
University, Tomsk, 634045 Russia. snb@mail2000.ru
The investigations of intensity of electromagnetic field in the range
of frequencies 30 MGz-300 GGz were carried out in Tomsk. The percentage
contribution of every frequency subrange in to total intensity
electromagnetic field of Tomsk was estimated. So for frequency range
30-100 MGz it corresponds to 4.3%; for 100-200 MGz--7.4%; for 200-300
MGz--4.6% and 300 MGz-300 GGz corresponds to 83.7%. Thus, the
investigations of a level of electromagnetic field of an anthropogenous
origin allowed estimation of the integrated level of electromagnetic
field in the range of frequencies 30 MGz-300 GGz and construction of
the spatial distribution of an electrical component of the field, and
also revealing the basic sources of electromagnetic pollution.
PMID: 11785314 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
50: Ann Acad Med Singapore. 2001 Sep;30(5):489-93.
Related Articles, Links
Electromagnetic fields and health outcomes.
Knave B.
National Institute for Working Life, S-11279 Stockholm, Sweden.
Over the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in the
biological effects and possible health outcomes of weak, low-frequency
electric and magnetic fields. Epidemiological studies on magnetic
fields and cancer, reproduction and neurobehavioural reactions have
been presented. More recently, neurological, degenerative and heart
diseases have also been reported to be related to such electromagnetic
fields. Furthermore, the increased use of mobile phones worldwide has
focussed interest on the possible effects of radiofrequency fields of
higher frequencies. In this paper, a summary is given on
electromagnetic fields and health outcomes and what policy is
appropriate--"no restriction to exposure", "prudent avoidance" or
"expensive interventions"? The results of research studies have not
been unambiguous; studies indicating these fields as being a health
hazard have been published and so were studies indicating no risk at
all. In "positive" studies, different types of effects have been
reported despite the use of the same study design, e.g., in
epidemiological cancer studies. There are uncertainties as to exposure
characteristics, e.g., magnetic field frequency and exposure
intermittence, and not much is known about possible confounding or
effect-modifying factors. The few animal cancer studies reported have
not given much help in risk assessment; and in spite of a large number
of experimental cell studies, no plausible and understandable
mechanisms have been presented by which a carcinogenic effect could be
explained. Exposure to electromagnetic fields occurs everywhere: in the
home, at work, in school, etc. Wherever there are electric wires,
electric motors and electronic equipment, electromagnetic fields are
created. This is one of the reasons why exposure assessment is
difficult. For epidemiologists, the problems is not on the effect side
as registers of diseases exist in many countries today. The problem is
that epidemiologists do not know the relevant exposure characteristics
to be used in their studies. In international guidelines, limits for
restrictions of field exposure are several orders of magnitude above
what can be measured from overhead power lines and found in
"electrical" occupations. These guidelines emphasize that the state of
scientific knowledge today does not warrant limiting exposure levels
for the public and the work force, and that further data are required
to confirm whether health hazards are present. In some countries,
however, the "principle of caution" or "prudent avoidance" has been
adopted; meaning the low-cost avoidance of unnecessary exposure as long
as there is scientific uncertainty about its health effects.
PMID: 11603131 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
51: J Med Eng Technol. 2001 Sep-Oct;25(5):185-94.
Related Articles, Links
The interference threshold of unipolar cardiac pacemakers in extremely
low frequency magnetic fields.
Scholten A, Silny J.
femu -RWFH Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
scholten@femu.rwth-aachen.de
The effective induction loop area of implanted cardiac pacemaker (CPM)
systems in magnetic fields was determined. The results were verified in
a tank model placed in the centre of a Helmholtz-coil-arrangement. Both
a left and a right pectorally implanted unipolar dual chamber CPM
system were simulated. On this basis and with the results of
benchmark-tests the interference thresholds for a collection of modern
CPMs in extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields were estimated.
The investigations clearly showed that there are two loops, the
CPM-lead-tissue-loop and the body loop, responsible for the magnitude
of the disturbance voltage on the input of a cardiac pacemaker. The
effective induction loop areas rangedfrom 100 to 221 cm2. For a left
pectorally implanted, atrially controlled CPM system the interference
thresholds for the magnetic induction lay between 16 and 552 micro T
(RMS) for frequencies of the magneticfield between 10 and 250 Hz. Thus,
there is a limited possibility for an interference of implanted CPM by
ELF magnetic fields in everyday life.
PMID: 11695658 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
52: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2001 Sep-Oct;31(5):547-53.
Related Articles, Links
Some neurotropic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in rats
with different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity.
Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazyan AS, Chernyakov GM.
Institute of Medical-Biological Problems, State Scientific Center of
the Russian Federation, Moscow.
The effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves (4200 MHz, modulated
with quasichaotic signals at 20-20,000 Hz, energy density 15
microW/cm2; specific energy absorption not greater than 15 mJ/kg) on
the neurochemical systems of the brain and on behavioral reactions were
studied in experimental animals with different typological
characteristics of higher nervous activity. These studies showed that
electromagnetic waves produced marked changes in the state and activity
of the monoaminergic mediator systems which were in general terms
concordant with changes at the integrative level (mostly selective
inhibitory effects). The nature of these processes depended to a
significant extent on the typological characteristics of the animals.
PMID: 11693480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
53: Biofizika. 2001 Jul-Aug;46(4):753-60. Related
Articles, Links
[Effect of extremely high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low
intensity on parameters of humoral immunity in healthy mice]
[Article in Russian]
Lushnikov KV, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Cheremis NK.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, 142290 Russia.
The modification of indices of the humoral immune response to
thymus-dependent antigen (sheep erythrocytes) after a whole-body
exposure of healthy mice to low-intensity extremely-high-frequency
electromagnetic radiation was studied. Male NMRI mice were exposed in
the far-field zone of horn antenna at a frequency of 42.0 GHz and
energy flux density of 0.15 mW/cm2 under different regimes: once for 20
min, for 20 min daily during 5 and 20 successive days before
immunization, and for 20 min daily during 5 successive days after
immunization throughout the development of the humoral immune response.
The intensity of the humoral immune response was estimated on day 5
after immunization by the number of antibody-forming cells of the
spleen and antibody titers. Changes in cellularity of the spleen,
thymus and red bone marrow were also assessed. The indices of humoral
immunity and cellularity of lymphoid organs changed insignificantly
after acute exposure and series of 5 exposures before and after
immunization of the animals. However, after repeated exposures for 20
days before immunization, a statistically significant reduction of
thymic cellularity by 17.5% (p < 0.05) and a decrease in cellularity
of the spleen by 14.5% (p < 0.05) were revealed. The results show
that low-intensity extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation
with the frequency and energy flux density used does not influence the
humoral immune response intensity in healthy mice but influences
immunogenesis under multiple repeated exposures.
PMID: 11558390 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
54: Biofizika. 2001 Jul-Aug;46(4):661-75. Related
Articles, Links
[Model analysis of the effect of modulated electromagnetic fields with
various parameters of modulating signals in cells]
[Article in Russian]
Gapeev AB, Sokolov PA, Chemeris NK.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, 142290 Russia.
A theoretical analysis of the dependence of cell response to modulated
electromagnetic fields on the parameters of modulating signals was
performed on the basis of the model for calcium-dependent
membrane-associated intracellular signaling systems. Expressed
amplitude-frequency "windows" in the response of the nonlinear system
to external influence were shown to depend on the effective time during
which the amplitude of the influencing signal exceeded some threshold
value, which is determined by the properties of the system. The
presence of negative values in the influencing signal, i.e. the
variations in the rate of some process around the inherent value,
played an important role for the effect characteristics. The response
of the nonlinear system to external influence strongly depended on the
waveform of the modulating signal which is determined not only by
frequency spectrum, but also by the initial phase of each frequency
component. To ensure a regime for the optimal effect, the rates of
increase and drop in the modulating signal amplitude should be
synchronized with dynamic processes in the biological object being
exposed.
PMID: 11558378 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
55: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jul-Aug;41(4):403-7.
Related Articles, Links
[Effect of low-intensity electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency
on the ultrastructure and proliferative activity of rat's thymus cells]
[Article in Russian]
Zhitkevich TI, Bokut' TB, Netukova NI.
Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, 220072
Belarus. biblio@fizio.bas-net.by
Effects of two types of low-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF) of
industrial frequency (50 Hz) on the fine structure and proliferative
activity of thymic cells in white rats were studied. It was found that
a weak EMF with a prevailing electrical component (380-480 V/m, 120-140
nT1) did not affect the DNA synthesis intensity. An EMF with a stronger
magnetic induction (10-15 V/m, 800-1500 nT1) diminished the
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and proliferative processes
in cultured stimulated lymphocytes. Electron microscopic investigation
of the thymus after both types of exposure revealed an accumulation of
lymphocytes with pyknotic nuclei and electron-dense cytoplasm, as well
as hypoplasia of the vascular endothelium. At the same time, EMF with a
prevailing magnetic component produced a more marked negative effect on
the ultrastructure of thymic cells, which indicated a lowered secretory
activity of epitheliocytes.
PMID: 11605242 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
56: Neuroreport. 2001 May 25;12(7):1501-5. Related
Articles, Links
Human standing balance is affected by exposure to pulsed ELF magnetic
fields: light intensity-dependent effects.
Prato FS, Thomas AW, Cook CM.
The Lawson Health Research Institute, Department of Nuclear Medicine
and MR, St. Joseph's Health Care (London), Ontario, Canada.
There is evidence in animals that behavioral and physiological
responses to static and extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF)
is affected by the presence of light during magnetic field exposures.
Here we report that the effect of a specific pulsed ELFMF (PEMF) on
human standing balance is modulated by light intensity during exposure.
Under a low light condition (0.12 W/m2), nine healthy human volunteers
stood on a 3D forceplate, throughout four 2 min exposures (eyes
open/eyes close, sham/PEMF of 200 +/- 1 microTpk, order randomized).
There was a significant increase in standing movement during PEMF
exposure during eyes closed. In a second experiment on 26 normal
subjects exposed to the identical protocol, but at greater light
intensities (0.51 W/m2), a significant but opposite effect was observed.
PMID: 11388437 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
57: Biofizika. 2001 May-Jun;46(3):500-4. Related
Articles, Links
[Mechanism of the effect of weak electromagnetic fields on the living
body]
[Article in Russian]
Sidorenko VM.
St. Petersburg State University of Electrical Engeneering, ul.
Professora Popova 5, St. Petersburg, 197376 Russia.
By using the model conceptions of the dielectric polarization theory, a
new mechanism for the effect of electromagnetic field was proposed. The
model enables one to explain the experimentally observed influence of
low-frequency weak electromagnetic field on biological objects. It was
shown that, at the cellular and subcellular levels, an increase in the
intensity of the electric component of external electromagnetic field
can occur. The magnitude of this increase is determined by the ratio of
the contributions of the medium polarization and the depolarizing
factor (which depends on body shape) to the total effect. As a result
of this increase, a potential comparable with intrinsic biological
values can be generated on neuron membranes, which must elicit nervous
and physiological responses of the organism.
PMID: 11449551 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Activation of sanogenesis mechanisms in central nervous system
disorders]
[Article in Russian]
Mikhailov VP, Vizilo TL, Kuz'michev AA, Petrushenko KV.
Brain dysfunctions develop in brain injuries. Drug therapy is aimed at
restitution processes which are often insufficient for recovery of
impaired functions. Activation of the compensatory mechanisms of
damaged and intact hemispheres will modify the time and qualitative
characteristics of the restitution period. With this aim in view,
transcranial electromagnetic stimulation in physiological range of
efferent pathways and audiovisual stimulation of afferent pathways are
recommended.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
59: Bioelectromagnetics. 2001 Apr;22(3):200-4.
Related Articles, Links
Why arguments based on photon energy may be highly misleading for power
line frequency electromagnetic fields.
Vistnes AI, Gjotterud K.
Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
a.i.vistnes@fys.uio.no
When evaluating possible mechanisms by which low frequency
electromagnetic fields may have a biological effect, arguments based on
photon energy have often been used in a misleading way. For visible
light the concept of photons has proved to be very useful in explaining
experimental findings. However, the concept of photons cannot be used
without major modifications in describing phenomena related to near
field problems at power frequency (50 or 60 Hz) electric and magnetic
fields. For this regime, the photon description is very complex. A very
high number of highly coherent photons must be used in a quantum
electrodynamic description of low frequency electromagnetic field
phenomena. Thus, one-photon interaction descriptions must be replaced
by multiple-photon interaction formalism. However, at low frequencies,
a classical electromagnetic field description is far more useful than
quantum electrodynamics. There is in principle no difference in how
much energy an electron can pick up from a low frequency electric field
as compared to from a high frequency photon. Thus, the total gain in
energy is not limited to the energy carried by a single photon, which
is E = hv, where h is Planck's constant and (v) is the frequency of the
radiation. However, the time scale of the primary event in a mechanism
of action is very different for ionizing radiation compared to power
line frequency fields. The advice is to consider the time scale given
by the inverse of the frequency of the fields, rather than photon
energy, when one use physics as a guidance in evaluating possible
mechanisms for biological effects from low frequency electromagnetic
fields. Copyright 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 11255216 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
60: Bioelectromagnetics. 2001 Jan;22(1):27-45.
Related Articles, Links
Review of russian literature on biological action of DC and
low-frequency AC magnetic fields.
Zhadin MN.
Laboratory of Neurocybernetics, Institute of Cell Biophysics,
Pushchino, Moscow Region, Russia. xhadin@online.stack.net
This review considers the Russian scientific literature on the
influence of weak static and of low-frequency alternating magnetic
fields on biological systems. The review covers the most interesting
works and the main lines of investigation during the period 1900 to the
present. Shown here are the historical roots, beginning with the ideas
of V. Vernadsky and A. Chizhevsky, which led in the field of Russian
biology to an increasing interest in magnetic fields, based on an
intimate connection between solar activity and life on the Earth, and
which determined the peculiar development of Russian magnetobiology.
The variety of studies on the effects of magnetic storms and extremely
low-frequency, periodic variations of the geomagnetic field on human
beings and animals as well as on social phenomena are described. The
diverse experiments involving artificial laboratory magnetic fields
acting on different biological entities under different conditions are
also considered. A series of theoretical advances are reviewed that
have paved the way for a step-by-step understanding of the mechanisms
of magnetic field effects on biological systems. The predominantly
unfavorable influence of magnetic fields on living beings is shown, but
the cases of favorable influence of magnetic fields on human beings and
lower animals are demonstrated as well. The majority of Russian
investigations in this area of science has been unknown among the
non-Russian speaking audience for many reasons, primarily because of a
language barrier. Therefore, it is hoped that this review may be of
interest to the international scientific community. Copyright 2001
Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Academic
61: Biomed Tech (Berl). 2001 Jan-Feb;46(1-2):18-23.
Related Articles, Links
[Is CNS activity modified by pulsed electromagnetic fields?]
[Article in German]
Maier R.
Klinik fur Kommunikationsstorungen Universitat Mainz Langenbeckstr. 1
D-55101 Mainz.
In the present pilot study we examined the effects of electromagnetic
fields on the biological organism. The study was prompted by
discussions on the possible effects on the nervous system and cognitive
processes of fields produced by mobile phones. The experiments were
performed in an electrophysiological laboratory. Eleven volunteers were
exposed to pulsed electromagnetic fields (GSM standard). The
psychophysiological method of assessing the order threshold
(Ordnungsschwelle = OS) was used to examine cognitive performance.
Under the test conditions, nine of the subjects showed a loss of mental
regeneration, as reflected by an increase in the OS, in comparison with
the field-free situation. The results of our experiments suggest an
influence of pulsed fields on the cognitive regeneration process.
Publication Types:
* Clinical Trial
62: Crit Rev Biomed Eng. 2001;29(3):440-9. Related
Articles, Links
Electromagnetic perception and individual features of human beings.
Lebedeva NN, Kotrovskaya TI.
Institute of Higher Nerve Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy
of Sciences. N.Leb@relcom.ru
An investigation was made of the individual reactions of human subjects
exposed to electromagnetic fields. We performed the study on 86
volunteers separated into two groups. The first group was exposed to
the electromagnetic field of infralow frequencies, whereas the second
group was exposed to the electromagnetic field of extremely high
frequencies. We found that the electromagnetic perception of human
beings correlated with their individual features, such as EEG
parameters, the critical frequency of flash merging, and the electric
current sensitivity. Human subjects who had a high-quality perception
of electromagnetic waves showed an optimal balance of cerebral
processes, an excellent functional state of the central nervous system,
and a good decision criterion.
PMID: 11730104 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
63: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 2001;(9):20-7. Related
Articles, Links
[Nervous system effects caused by electromagnetic fields with frequency
up to 400 kHz (review of literature)]
[Article in Russian]
Fatkhutdinova LM.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
64: Neuroimmunomodulation. 2001;9(2):65-77. Related
Articles, Links
Coincident nonlinear changes in the endocrine and immune systems due to
low-frequency magnetic fields.
Marino AA, Wolcott RM, Chervenak R, Jourd'heuil F, Nilsen E, Frilot C
2nd, Pruett SB.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, LSU Health Sciences Center,
Shreveport, LA 71130-3932, USA. amarino@lsuhsc.edu
OBJECTIVE: The characteristic biological effects of low-frequency
electromagnetic fields (EMFs) appear to be functional changes in the
central nervous, endocrine and immune systems. For unapparent reasons,
however, the results of similar studies have often differed markedly
from one another. We recognized that it had generally been assumed, in
the studies, that EMF effects would exhibit a dose-effect relationship,
which is a basic property of linear systems. Prompted by recent
developments in the theory on nonlinear systems, we hypothesized that
there was a nonlinear relationship between EMFs and the effects they
produced in the endocrine and immune systems. METHODS: We developed a
novel analytical method that could be used to distinguish between
linear and nonlinear effects, and we employed it to examine the effect
of EMFs on the endocrine and immune systems. RESULTS: Mice exposed to 5
G, 60 Hz for 1-175 days in 7 independent experiments reliably exhibited
changes in serum corticosterone and lymphoid phenotype when the data
were analyzed while allowing that the field exposure and the resulting
effects could be nonlinearly related. When the analysis was restricted
to linear relationships, no effects due to the field were found.
CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that transduction of EMFs resulted
in changes in both the endocrine and immune systems, and that the laws
governing the changes in each system were not the type that govern
conventional dose-effect relationships. Evidence based on mathematical
modeling was found suggesting that the coincident changes could have
been causally related. Copyright 2001 S. Karger AG, Basel
PMID: 11549888 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
65: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jan-Feb;41(1):67-72.
Related Articles, Links
[The study of some mechanisms of injurious effects of low-frequency
noises]
[Article in Russian]
Pluzhnikov NN, Vladimirov VG, Zinkin VN, Voblikov IV, Vasil'eva IN,
Rodionov GG, Malysheva IV, Zhakovko EB, Sharova LA, Shibanov EA.
Institute of Military Medicine, Ministry of Defence of Russian
Federation, St. Petersburg, 195043 Russia.
Low-frequency noise has been shown to cause certain functional changes
in the organism of laboratory animals that manifest in changes of the
state of the regulatory systems and metabolic disturbances at cellular
and subcellular levels. The obtained data support the hypothesis of the
mechanism of injurious effect of this physical factor including two
basically correlated ways, i.e. the central mechanism associated with
overexcitation of the hypotalamohypophysis-adrenal system and mediating
the homeostatic parameters of the body, and the local one which is
determined by a direct effect of low-frequency noise on highly
organized structure of membraneous and genetic apparatus of cells.
PMID: 11253704 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
66: Braz J Med Biol Res. 2000 Oct;33(10):1141-8.
Related Articles, Links
The neuroimmune-endocrine axis: pathophysiological implications for the
central nervous system cytokines and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
hormone dynamics.
Licinio J, Frost P.
Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of
Medicine, University of California, os Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA.
licinio@ucla.edu
Cytokines are molecules that were initially discovered in the immune
system as mediators of communication between various types of immune
cells. However, it soon became evident that cytokines exert profound
effects on key functions of the central nervous system, such as food
intake, fever, neuroendocrine regulation, long-term potentiation, and
behavior. In the 80's and 90's our group and others discovered that the
genes encoding various cytokines and their receptors are expressed in
vascular, glial, and neuronal structures of the adult brain. Most
cytokines act through cell surface receptors that have one
transmembrane domain and which transduce a signal through the JAK/STAT
pathway. Of particular physiological and pathophysiological relevance
is the fact that cytokines are potent regulators of hypothalamic
neuropeptidergic systems that maintain neuroendocrine homeostasis and
which regulate the body's response to stress. The mechanisms by which
cytokine signaling affects the function of stress-related
neuroendocrine systems are reviewed in this article.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
67: Nature. 2000 Sep 28;407(6803):453. Related
Articles, Links
An electromagnetic personality.
Livingston JD.
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge 12309, USA.
PMID: 11028979 [PubMed]
68: Biofizika. 2000 Sep-Oct;45(5):935-40. Related
Articles, Links
[Effect of modified SHF and acoustic stimulation on spectral
characteristics of the electroencephalograms of the cat brain]
[Article in Russian]
Ivanova VIu, Martynova OV, Aleinik SV, Limarenko AV.
Ykhtomskii Research Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg State
University, Russia.
The effect of modulated electromagnetic fields on the spectral
parameters of bioelectric brain activity in awake cats was studied by
registering the electroencephalogram from the skin surface in the
vertex area using carbon electrodes. In the normal
electroencephalogram, spectral components in the range above 20 Hz
predominated. It was shown that, upon irradiation with electromagnetic
field (basic frequency 980 MHz, power density 30-50 microW/cm2),
spectral components in the range of 12-18 Hz begin to prevail. A
similarity in the redistribution of the power of spectral components
upon both acoustic and modulated electromagnetic influences was
revealed. The results suggest that there is a a common
neurophysiological mechanism by which modulated electromagnetic
radiation and acoustic stimulation affect the electrical activity of
the brain. This ia consistent with the assumption that the effect of
the electromagnetic field on the central nervous system is mediated
through the acoustic sensory system.
PMID: 11094726 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
69: Epidemiology. 2000 Sep;11(5):539-43. Related
Articles, Links
Exposure to electromagnetic fields and risk of central nervous system
disease in utility workers.
Johansen C.
Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen.
Occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields has been associated
with neurological diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,
senile dementia, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer disease. I studied
the incidence of central nervous system diseases in 30,631 persons
employed in Danish utility companies between 1900 and 1993. I linked
the cohort to the nationwide, population-based Danish National Register
of Patients and compared the numbers of cases of these diseases
observed between 1978 and 1993 with the corresponding rates in the
general population. In addition I fit to the data on utility workers a
multiplicative Poisson regression model in relation to estimated levels
of exposure to 50-Hz electromagnetic fields. Overall, there was an
increase in risk for senile dementia and motor neuron diseases
combined. The incidences of Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, and
other diseases of the central nervous system were essentially unrelated
to exposure to electromagnetic fields. A decreased risk of epilepsy
compared with the general population probably reflects a healthy worker
effect; I observed an increased risk of epilepsy based on internal
comparisons. The increased risk for senile dementia and motorneuron
diseases may be associated with above-average levels of exposure to
electromagnetic fields.
PMID: 10955406 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
70: Sheng Wu Yi Xue Gong Cheng Xue Za Zhi. 2000 Sep;17(3):298-300, 304.
Related Articles, Links
[Study on human sensitivity of extremely low frequency electromagnetic
field]
[Article in Chinese]
Tang S, Zheng C, Wang L, Wang H, Zhang J.
Biomedical Engineering Research Institution, Xi'an Jiaotong University,
Xi'an 710049.
In this paper, the action potential through membrane is calculated and
analyzed based on the crowd model. The analysis shows that membrane
action potential will be amplified if the coefficient k1, k2 meet some
certain conditions. This effect could cause ionic current increase and
even results in electroporation, membrane broken. The result can be
used to explain some athermal bioeffect of living beings in weak EMF
and is helpful for biomedicine application.
PMID: 11285841 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
71: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):878-83.
Related Articles, Links
[The dynamics of the manifestation of behavioral audiogenic seizure
activity in rats under the action of a modulated and a nonmodulated
electromagnetic field]
[Article in Russian]
Konovalov VF, Serikov IS.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino.
It was shown that the electromagnetic field of low intensity modifies
the evoked epileptiform seizure activity in rats. Cumulative effect of
the electromagnetic field persisted over the course of 6 months. It was
suggested that inhibition of the increased motor activity under
exposure to electromagnetic field is caused by the involvement of
dopaminergic brain systems and development of the resonance effects in
cortico-subcortical brain structures under the influence of modulated
electromagnetic fields.
PMID: 11085003 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
72: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):867-77.
Related Articles, Links
[The neurotropic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in rats
with different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity]
[Article in Russian]
Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.
National Research Center, Institute of Medical and Biological Problems,
Moscow.
The effects of the ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF,
frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in
the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body
absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) on the reactions of the central
nervous system (CNS) of rats with different types of behavior were
studied. Some neurochemical and behavioral mechanisms of rats'
reactions were investigated. It was shown that the EMF produce
pronounced changes in the state and activity of monoaminergic brain
systems. These changes, on the whole, correspond to the alterations at
the integrative level (predominantly, of the inhibitory character).
PMID: 11085002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
73: Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris). 2000 Jul;49(4):238-44.
Related Articles, Links
[Effect of external electrical interference on pacemakers]
[Article in French]
Frank R, Himbert C, Hidden-Lucet F, Petitot JC, Fontaine G.
Service de cardiologie, hopital Jean-Rostand, 39-41, rue
Jean-le-Galleu, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine, France.
Cardiac pacemaker are sensitive to many kind of electromagnetic
interference (EMI). However the low rate of reported effects is due to
many protective features. Risks are minimal in everyday life conditions
as airport detectors, electronic anti-thief systems, domestic
electrical appliances and even mobile phones with the most recent
models. Interference detection can be prevented by "medically correct"
setting, with the use of bipolar sensing, and ventricular sensitivity
above 2 mV. The effect of EMI from the industrial world are difficult
to assess and need an individual study. The most important risks occur
in the medical world, with the electrocutary, thransthoracic DC shocks,
and magnetic resonance imaging.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
74: Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2000 Jul;68(7):289-300.
Related Articles, Links
[The study of central nervous information processing with transcranial
magnetic stimulation]
[Article in German]
Herwig U, Schonfeldt-Lecuona C.
Abt. Psychiatrie III, Universitatsklinik Ulm.
uwe.herwig@medizin.uni-ulm.de
In cognitive neuroscience different methods are used to study central
nervous information processing. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
is a non-invasive, well tolerated technique to interfere with cortical
neuronal activity with high temporal and fair spatial resolution. In
the past 10 years the use of TMS expanded from its application as a
diagnostic routine procedure in neurology to the study of various
cognitive functions. In this paper the physical and technical aspects
of TMS and studies on the effects of single pulse versus repetitive TMS
in the motor cortex are reviewed. Then, research on visual perception
and attention is presented and studies on higher cognitive functions,
such as speech, memory, and emotions are discussed.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
75: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Jul;38(7):692-9. Related
Articles, Links
Teratogenic effects of sinusoidal extremely low frequency
electromagnetic fields on morphology of 24 hr chick embryos.
Lahijani MS, Ghafoori M.
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of
Shahid-Beheshti, Tehran, Iran.
To examine the potential teratogenicity of electromagnetic fields (EMF;
sinusoidal and rectangular) on development of chick embryos (white
leghorn), 221 freshly fertilized chicken eggs (55-65 g) were exposed
during first 24 hr of postlaying incubation (38 degrees +/- 0.5 degree
C) to 24 different EMFs, with 50Hz repetition rate and 8.007-10.143 mT
flux density. Following exposure, the exposed fertilized chicken eggs
(n = 8-10) and sham-exposed fertilized chicken eggs (n = 15) were
incubated simultaneously for 8 more days and unexposed control
fertilized chicken eggs (n = 20) for 9 days in absence of EMFs. The
embryos were removed from egg shells and studied blind. All 24 EMF
exposed-groups (inside the coil with exposure) showed an increase in
the percentage of developmental anomalies compared to sham-exposed
(inside the coil with no exposure) and control groups (outside the
coil). Further, egg's weight was evaluated on day 9. This variable did
not show significant difference between control and exposed-groups. The
investigation also covered the measurement of body weight, length of
crown to rump, length of tip of the beak to occipital bone, heart and
liver weight. Statistical comparison between sham-exposed and control
values did not show significant differences, but comparison between
8.007, 8.453 and 8.713 mT exposed-groups and control groups showed
significant differences; in other exposed-groups, the changes were not
significant. These results revealed that 50 Hz electromagnetic fields
can induce irreversible developmental alterations in 24 hr chick
embryos and confirm that its strength could be a determinant factor for
the embryonic response to extremely low frequency electromagnetic
fields (window effects).
PMID: 11215313 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
[Recovery processes in the cerebral cortex, myocardium and thymus of
rats with experimental atherosclerosis exposed to low-frequency
electromagnetic fields on the head]
[Article in Russian]
Zubkova SM, Varakina NI, Mikhailik LV, Bobkova AS, Chabanenko SS,
Luk'ianova TV.
Studies of animals with experimental sclerosis has shown that a course
of 10 procedures of alternative magnetic field (AMF) (50 Hz, 30 mT, 3
min daily) promotes partial recovery of the lipid spectrum and corrects
vasomotor-metabolic disturbances in the cerebral cortex, myocardium and
thymus caused by atherosclerosis. Combination of AMF with constant
magnetic field in the same regime and location does not produce a
hypolipidemic effect in atherosclerotic animals and this, in
combination with increased vascular permeability may aggravate the
condition. Activated microcirculation, antioxidant and antiproteinase
effects in activation of biosynthetic processes in the cerebral cortex
reflect inhibition in the CNS in this combined effect and create
conditions for a hypotensive effect.
PMID: 11008562 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
77: Radiat Res. 2000 May;153(5 Pt 2):699-705.
Related Articles, Links
Power-frequency electromagnetic fields and the capacitative calcium
entry system in SV40-transformed Swiss 3T3 cells.
Sisken JE, DeRemer D.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine,
University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, USA.
The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that a 60 Hz
electromagnetic field could affect the influx of calcium ions across
the plasma membrane through the so-called capacitative calcium entry
system. Recordings of cytosolic calcium-ion concentrations in
SV40-transformed Swiss 3T3 cells were obtained in real time during
exposure to magnetic fields ranging from 0.3-50 mT or to sham
conditions using the calcium-sensitive photoprotein aequorin. This was
done for cell populations whose capacitative entry system was activated
by either bradykinin or thapsigargin under a variety of experimental
conditions. No effects of the magnetic field were observed on
bradykinin-induced calcium transients and, with the exception of a
small but statistically significant increase observed in experiments
performed at 50 mT, no effects of the fields were observed on baseline
calcium levels prior to or after such transients. The magnetic fields
also had no effects on the size or kinetics of any of the
thapsigargin-induced calcium transients. Overall, the data fail to
support the hypothesis tested in this work.
PMID: 10790295 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
78: Med Hypotheses. 2000 Apr;54(4):630-3. Related
Articles, Links
The effects of natural and man-made electromagnetic fields on mood and
behavior: the role of sleep disturbances.
Sher L.
Natural and man-made electromagnetic fields influence the mood and
behavior of healthy and sick people. Considerable evidence suggests
that electromagnetic fields affect sleep. The author suggests that
electromagnetic field-induced changes in sleep may mediate the effects
of electromagnetic fields on mood, behavior, and cognitive abilities.
The author further suggests that the development of sleep abnormalities
in persons exposed to artificial electromagnetic fields may predict the
onset of a psychiatric disorder at a later time and that early
intervention may prevent the onset of a psychiatric disease. Copyright
2000 Harcourt Publishers Ltd.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
79: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 2000 Mar;51(1):35-51.
Related Articles, Links
[Biological effects of nonionizing radiation: low frequency
electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Croatian]
Busljeta I, Gomzi M, Trosic I.
Institut za medicinska istrazivanja i medicinu rada, Zagreb.
Ivana.Busljeta@imi.hr
This article reviews various studies on effects of electric and
magnetic fields of extremely low frequencies on human health and gives
an overview of residential and occupational exposure to different
sources, currently established exposure limitations, and protection
measures. Throughout the evolution biological systems adapted to
natural electric and magnetic fields. Only hundred years ago human
exposure to radiation was limited to electric and magnetic fields
arising either from extraterrestrial or terrestrial sources, yet both
natural. For the past fifty years there has been large growth of
artificial sources of electric and magnetic fields, especially with
frequencies of 50 and 60 Hz (power generating and distribution
systems). The concern about long-term exposure to artificial fields and
possible adverse effects on human health has been entirely justified
and led to numerous intensive epidemiological and laboratory studies.
Results of several epidemiological studies confirm the connection
between exposure to electric and magnetic fields of extremely low
frequencies (up to 300 Hz) and increased risk of leukemia and brain
tumor in children and adults. In addition, the risk of breast cancer in
occupationally exposed population has increased. Laboratory studies on
animal models, in vitro systems, and human volunteers did not confirm
this connection. There is a growing interest in investigation of other
possible adverse health effects such as neurodegenerative diseases
(Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis), cardiovascular disorders (arrhythmias and acute myocardial
infarction), psychiatric disorders, and electrosensitivity.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Academic
80: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Mar-Apr;40(2):217-25.
Related Articles, Links
[Delayed biological effect of electromagnetic fields action]
[Article in Russian]
Grigor'ev IuG.
State Research Center of Russia-Institute of Biophysics, Moscow.
prof.GRIGORIEV@pole.com.ru
The real possibility of the development of remote effects in people
after longterm EMF-exposure was presented in the world scientific
literature. Many authors decided that there is connection between
long-term EMF-exposure and development of the breast cancer, brain
tumours, leukaemia and neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's and
Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). The analysis of
up-to-date publications leads us to the conclusion that this problem is
actual and further researches of conditions provoking development of
last-term effects are required.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
81: Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Feb;21(2):122-8.
Related Articles, Links
Possible cocarcinogenic effects of ELF electromagnetic fields may
require repeated long-term interaction with known carcinogenic factors.
Juutilainen J, Lang S, Rytomaa T.
Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Kuopio, Kuopio,
Finland. jukka.juutilainen@uku.fi
Literature on cancer-related biological effects of extremely low
frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) is discussed in the light of the
current understanding of carcinogenesis as a multistep process of
accumulating mutations. Different animal models and study designs have
been used to address possible cocarcinogenic effects of MFs. Based on a
comparison of the results, we propose a hypothesis that MF exposure may
potentiate the effects of known carcinogens only when both exposures
are chronic. We also discuss possible mechanisms of MF effects on
carcinogenesis and the adequacy of the classical two-step
initiation/promotion animal experiments for simulating human exposure
to the complex mixture of environmental carcinogens. We conclude that
experiments designed according to the two-step concept may not be
sufficient for studying the possible role of MF in carcinogenesis.
Possible further animal studies are more likely to be productive if
they include models that combine chronic exposure to MFs with long-term
exposures to known carcinogens. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
82: Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Feb;21(2):75-83.
Related Articles, Links
Low stray ELF magnetic field exposure system for in vitro study.
Yamazaki K, Fujinami H, Shigemitsu T, Nishimura I.
Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry, Tokyo, Japan.
yamazaki@criepi.denken.or.jp
An exposure facility for wide application to cell exposure to an ELF
(extremely low frequency) magnetic field was developed. It is suitable
for conducting experiments under a high-intensity, variable-frequency
magnetic field, on the biological effects of the ELF magnetic field in
an in vitro study. The exposure system consists of Merritt's 4-square
coil as a basic component to generate the required magnetic field
intensity of 10 mT at 50 Hz with spatial field uniformity less than
+/-3% in a 400 mm cube. Concentric compensation coils are adopted to
eliminate the effects of stray fields on sham (control) samples in the
vicinity of the exposure system. The uniformity of the magnetic field
in the exposure coil, the increase in the power supply capacity due to
the existence of compensation coils, and the stray field estimation
were investigated carefully. After fabricating the system, performance
tests were carried out and all the characteristics were found to be
satisfactory. In addition, the ideal configuration for a concentric
coil system was proposed. Copyright 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
PMID: 10653617 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
83: Toxicology. 2000 Jan 17;142(3):189-201. Related
Articles, Links
Central/peripheral nervous system and immune responses.
Lawrence DA, Kim D.
Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY 12201, USA. david.lawrence@wadsworth.org
Maintenance of health is dependent on numerous regulatory interactions
between organ systems. This review discusses interorgan communication
between the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems and environmental
and genetic influences on this neuroendocrine immune circuitry.
Stresses of multiple types, including psychological and exposure to
chemicals and infectious agents, may combine to enhance
neuroimmunotoxicology. Altered nervous system functions can alter
immunity which could result in exacerbation of infections, cancers or
other immune-associated problems. Inversely, aberrant immune system
activities could lead to pathologies associated with altered nervous
activities, such as Alzheimer's disease, chronic fatigue, or multiple
sclerosis. The nervous, endocrine and immune circuitry is
multi-directional, and a chemical, physical or emotional stress could
upset the homeostasis.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
84: Acta Med Austriaca. 2000;27(3):69-77. Related
Articles, Links
[Electromagnetic fields--effects on health]
[Article in German]
Stepansky R, Jahn O, Windischbauer G, Zeitlhofer J.
Universitatsklinik fur Neurologie, Wien.
This literature review shows the current knowledge of health effects on
humans concerning static, low frequency electric and magnetic fields
and high frequency electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz. Basic physical
knowledge and the current thresholds are demonstrated. Different
frequency ranges of electromagnetic fields, their natural and technical
origins and the different biological effects, especially possible
hazards such as cancerogenity or risks for the brain, are discussed.
Open questions and future research aspects are demonstrated. Finally
electrosensibility and psychological aspects are shown.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
85: Acta Med Austriaca. 2000;27(3):61-8. Related
Articles, Links
[Clinical effectiveness of magnetic field therapy--a review of the
literature]
[Article in German]
Quittan M, Schuhfried O, Wiesinger GF, Fialka-Moser V.
Universitatsklinik fur Physikalische Medizin und Rehabilitation, Wien.
michael.quittan@akh-wien.ac.at
To verify the efficacy of electromagnetic fields on various diseases we
conducted a computer-assisted search of the pertinent literature. The
search was performed with the aid of the Medline and Embase database
(1966-1998) and reference lists. Clinical trials with at least one
control group were selected. The selection criteria were met by 31
clinical studies. 20 trials were designed double-blind, randomised and
placebo-controlled. The studies were categorised by indications.
Electromagnetic fields were applied to promote bone-healing, to treat
osteoarthritis and inflammatory diseases of the musculoskeletal system,
to alleviate pain, to enhance healing of ulcers and to reduce
spasticity. The action on bone healing and pain alleviation of
electromagnetic fields was confirmed in most of the trials. In the
treatment of other disorders the results are contradictory. Application
times varied between 15 minutes and 24 hours per day for three weeks up
to eighteen months. There seems to be a relationship between longer
daily application time and positive effects particular in bone-healing.
Patients were treated with electromagnetic fields of 2 to 100 G (0.2 mT
to 10 mT) with a frequency between 12 and 100 Hz. Optimal dosimetry for
therapy with electromagnetic fields is yet not established.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
86: IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2000 Jan-Feb;19(1):131-7.
Related Articles, Links
Possible health hazards from exposure to power-frequency electric and
magnetic fields--a COMAR Technical Information Statement.
[No authors listed]
In recent years concerns have been raised about the biological effects
of exposure to electric and magnetic fields at extremely low
frequencies (ELF), particularly those associated with the distribution
and utilization of electric power. In 1989, the Institute of Electrical
and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) issued an "Entity Position Statement"
which stated that "there is not enough relevant scientific data to
establish whether common exposure to power-frequency fields should be
considered a health hazard" and that "there is general agreement that
more research is needed to define safe limits of human exposure to
power-frequency fields." After examination of relevant research reports
published during the last ten years, COMAR concludes that it is highly
unlikely that health problems can be associated with average 24-hour
field exposure to power frequency magnetic fields of less than 1 microT
(10 mG). Good laboratory evidence shows that magnetic fields 100 to
10,000 times higher than this level, either ELF sinusoidal or pulsed,
can induce a variety of biological effects, including beneficial health
effects such as bone or tissue healing. Many of the reports of effects
of weaker fields should be considered preliminary, as some observations
have not been reproduced in different laboratories, while others,
observed in cells, have not been clearly connected to effects in intact
animals. Also, the means of interaction of low-level ELF fields with
cells, tissues or laboratory animals is not fully understood; therefore
the health impacts of such weak fields on intact animals and humans, if
any, cannot be predicted or explained. Further research is needed to
confirm or negate reports of effects of weak fields, and to determine
mechanisms and relevance of these effects to actual health hazards.
Continued study in this complicated area will enhance our understanding
of biological systems, as well as help identify levels and types of ELF
exposure that may be deleterious to human health.
PMID: 10659440 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
87: Med Pr. 2000;51(4):383-9. Related Articles,
Links
[Programmed cell death as a biological function of electromagnetic
fields at a frequency of (50/60 Hz)--review]
[Article in Polish]
Jajte JM.
Zakladu Zagrozen Fizycznych Instytutu Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra med.
Jerzego Nofera w Lodzi.
Apoptosis as physiological or programmed cellular death, and necrosis
as pathological cellular death are two ways by which cells die. Recent
data confirm that oxygen free radicals can be the mediators of
apoptosis via signalling pathways in the cell. External magnetic fields
are known to affect radical pair recombination and they may increase
the concentration of oxygen free radicals in living cells. Therefore,
it has been suggested that physical agents, such as electromagnetic
fields of power-line frequency, could exert an effect on apoptosis via
signalling pathways and oxygen free radicals.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
88: Med Pr. 2000;51(2):151-8. Related Articles,
Links
[Cellular radio systems. Problems faced in assessing exposure to
electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Polish]
Zmyslony M.
Zakladu Zagrozen Fizycznych, Instytutu Medycyny Pracy, Lodzi.
Over twenty years of its existence, cellular radio systems have become
one of the major sources of human exposure to electromagnetic field
(EMF) of high frequency. With the increasing number of cellular phones,
the interest in health effects of exposure to EMF emitted by them
continues to grow. At present, there is a general opinion that thermal
effect (change of electromagnetic energy into thermal energy) is an
essential mechanism of possible biological effects. The majority of
world standards for exposure to EMF are based on this effect. The
author presents Polish standards and those of the International
Commission on Nonionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for EMF of
frequencies used in cellular radio systems, both basic that limits SAR
(Specific Absorption Rate), and derived that limits the power density,
as well as intensity of electric and magnetic fields. Attention was
also turned to the problems concerning the application of cellular
phones and those resulting from the character of the field emitted by
them to which their users are exposed. Bearing in mind the results of
the laboratory analyses of SAR values occurring in the user's head, and
measurements of power density in the vicinity of the base station
antennas, it can be stated that, in view of binding and recommended
standards, cellular phones do not present any hazard to their users
(private or professional). However, it should be stressed that
standards adopted protect the user's head against the thermal effect,
whereas the question on whether they also protect against non-thermal
effects still remains without answer.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
89: Tsitologiia. 2000;42(1):92-5. Related Articles,
Links
[Activity of the genome of cardiomyocytes as an indicator of the
development of adaptive changes in the myocardium following exposure of
the central nervous system to electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Zubkova SM, Mikhailik LV, Varakina NI, Strukova EV, Bobkova AS.
Russian Scientific Centre of Rehabilitating Medicine and Health Resort
Cure, Moscow.
Methods of cardiomyocyte nuclei isolation from the myocard homogeneous
mixture, and of cardiomyocyte genome activity estimation were
elaborated. In the experiments with hyperlipoproteidemic rats,
cardiomyocyte genome activity was shown to reflect the primary adaptive
changes in the myocard, and to serve a reliable index of their
influence on the CNS regulatory centres exposed to electromagnetic
field, which is used for hyperlipoproteidemia treatment. The
cardiomyocyte genome activity was used to distinguish between three
types of development of adaptive reactions in the myocard.
PMID: 10709259 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
90: Behav Res Methods Instrum Comput. 1999 Nov;31(4):680-3.
Related Articles, Links
MESA: a new configuration for measuring electromagnetic field
fluctuations.
Harte TM, Black DL, Hollinshead MT.
ResCare, Inc., Evansville, Indiana, USA. tmharte@juno.com
This paper describes how the multi-energy sensor array has been
refitted to meet the needs of measuring geomagnetic and other types of
electromagnetic phenomena in an environment. This portable laptop
computer system was designed to measure the interaction of multiple
frequencies with the psychological and physiological processes that
underlie human exposure to electromagnetic fields across the spectra.
New sensors and analytical software have been implemented in the new
configuration.
PMID: 10633984 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
91: Cent Eur J Public Health. 1999 Nov;7(4):165-7.
Related Articles, Links
Acute effects of using a mobile phone on CNS functions.
Hladky A, Musil J, Roth Z, Urban P, Blazkova V.
National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
Twenty volunteers participated in two experiments exploring the acute
effects of using the mobile phone Motorola GSM 8700 on the functions of
the CNS. When speaking (5 minutes reading a text from daily newspapers)
the electromagnetic fields from the mobile apparatus did not affect the
visual evoked potentials. Also a 6-min exposure did not reveal any
effect of electromagnetic fields on the results in two tests (memory
and attention) performed while speaking into the mobile. On the other
hand the phone call itself strongly influenced the performance in a
secondary task applying a test of switching attention which is a good
model for driving a car. The response and decision speed were
significantly worse. This is a proof that even a slight psychological
stress involved in calling while driving can be a great risk.
Publication Types:
* Clinical Trial
* Controlled Clinical Trial
92: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):348-51.
Related Articles, Links
Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on health.
Jain SC, Tyagi K.
Centre for Environment & Explosive Safety, Metcalfe House, Delhi.
This paper gives a brief review of the physical interaction and
bio-effects of exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF)
electromagnetic fields (EMF) along with guidelines on limits of
exposure to 50/60 Hz electric and magnetic fields.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
93: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):318-22.
Related Articles, Links
In vitro effects of low-level, low-frequency electromagnetic fields on
DNA damage in human leucocytes by comet assay.
Ahuja YR, Vijayashree B, Saran R, Jayashri EL, Manoranjani JK, Bhargava
SC.
Genetics Unit, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad.
The sources for the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been
traced to time-varying as well as steady electric and magnetic fields,
both at low and high to ultra high frequencies. Of these, the effects
of low-frequency (50/60 HZ) magnetic fields, directly related to
time-varying currents, are of particular interest as exposure to some
fields may be commonly experienced. In the present study,
investigations have been carried out at low-level (mT) and
low-frequency (50 Hz) electromagnetic fields in healthy human
volunteers. Their peripheral blood samples were exposed to 5 doses of
electromagnetic fields (2,3,5,7 and 10mT at 50 Hz) and analysed by
comet assay. The results were compared to those obtained from unexposed
samples from the same subjects. 50 cells per treatment per individual
were scored for comet-tail length which is an estimate of DNA damage.
Data from observations among males were pooled for each flux density
for analysis. At each flux density, with one exception, there was a
significant increase in the DNA damage from the control value. When
compared with a similar study on females carried out by us earlier, the
DNA damage level was significantly higher in the females as compared to
the males for each flux density.
PMID: 10844981 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
94: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Sep-Oct;39(5):583-7.
Related Articles, Links
[Biological and ecological aspects of the effects combined
electromagnetic rays on farm animals]
[Article in Russian]
Ipatova AG, Ivanov VL, Koz'min GV, Kozlov VA.
Russian Institute of Agricultural Radiology and Agroecology, Obninsk.
The study of a biological effect of ultraviolet, ultrahigh frequency
and gamma-radiation, as well as combinations of these, on the
functional status of the sheep body systems has made it possible to
evaluate the sensitivity of a body exposed to these factors and its
adaptive potentials. The pattern of variations in the body systems when
a combined EMR is applied depends on to which extent one or another
factor dominates the others. It is however possible that the effect of
the leading factor is modified by that of a less severe radiation,
energy characteristics of which differ from those of the dominating
factor.
PMID: 10576032 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
95: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1999 Aug;46(8):1013-21.
Related Articles, Links
Electromagnetic and thermal analysis for lipid bilayer membranes
exposed to RF fields.
Eibert TF, Alaydrus M, Wilczewski F, Hansen VW.
Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2122, USA.
Experiments with pulsed radio frequency fields have shown influence on
the low-frequency behavior of lipid bilayer membranes. In this paper,
we present an electromagnetic and thermal analysis of the used exposure
device to clarify whether the observed effects have a thermal cause and
to determine the fields at the lipid bilayer. In order to model the
very thin lipid bilayer (about 5 nm) accurately, the electromagnetic
analysis is broken into several steps employing the finite difference
time domain technique and a finite element/boundary element hybrid
approach. Based on the obtained power loss due to the electromagnetic
fields, the temperature change is calculated using the finite element
method for the solution of the heat conduction equation. Both, the
electromagnetic and the thermal analysis are performed for a variety of
material parameters of the exposure device. The electromagnetic
analysis shows that the exposure device is capable of producing
voltages on the order of 1 mV across the lipid bilayer. The combined
electromagnetic and thermal calculations reveal that the temperature
oscillations due to the pulsed radio frequency fields are too small to
directly influence the low-frequency behavior of the lipid bilayer.
PMID: 10431467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
96: Biofizika. 1999 Mar-Apr;44(2):224-30. Related
Articles, Links
[Effect of weak combined low frequency constant and alternative
magnetic fields on intrinsic fluorescence of proteins in aqueous
solutions]
[Article in Russian]
Novikov VV, Kuvichkin VV, Fesenko EE.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Russia.
It was shown that weak combined static (42 microT) and low-frequency
variable (40 nT; 3-5 Hz) magnetic fields change the intensity of
intrinsic fluorescence of some proteins (cytochrome c, bovine serum
albumin, horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase). The effect can
be interpreted as a change in the conformational state of the protein
in water environment by the action of weak magnetic fields. The
dynamics of the process, the concentration dependence, the binding of
proteins to the fluorescence probe 1,8-ANS after treatment with
magnetic fields, the frequency dependence of these reactions, and the
dependence of the effect on the presence of the static constituent of
the magnetic field were studied. It was shown that the changes in the
intrinsic fluorescence of some enzymes (horseradish peroxidase,
alkaline phosphatase) are related to changes in their functional
activity. It was found that the effect is partially transferred via a
solvent (water, 0.01 M NaCl) preliminarily treated with magnetic field.
In the solvent, changes in its intrinsic fluorescence by the action of
weak magnetic fields were also registered.
PMID: 10418673 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
97: Radiat Res. 1999 Feb;151(2):195-200. Related
Articles, Links
Induction of intracellular calcium oscillations in human skin
fibroblast populations by sinusoidal extremely low-frequency magnetic
fields (20 Hz, 8 mT) is dependent on the differentiation state of the
single cell.
Loschinger M, Thumm S, Hammerle H, Rodemann HP.
Section of Radiobiology and Molecular Environmental Research,
University of Tubingen, Germany.
Experiments were performed to analyze whether short-term exposure to a
sinusoidal extremely low-frequency electromagnetic field (20 Hz, 8 mT)
can alter the dynamics of intracellular calcium in diploid human skin
fibroblasts. In heterogeneous fibroblast populations, about 30% of the
cells responded with a change in the oscillation activity of
intracellular calcium within 40 min. It was demonstrated at the level
of the single cell that the responsiveness of fibroblast populations to
extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields depends on the specific
differentiation state of the exposed cell. The data obtained clearly
indicate that mitotic progenitor fibroblasts respond with an
enhancement of the dynamics of calcium, whereas in postmitotic
fibrocytes a reduction of the dynamics was observed when the cells were
co-stimulated with suboptimal concentrations of platelet-derived growth
factor. Thus data from our laboratory on terminal differentiation
induced by extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields may be
correlated with changes in the dynamics of Ca2+ reported here.
PMID: 9952304 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
98: Bioelectromagnetics. 1999;20(3):133-60. Related
Articles, Links
Interaction of static and extremely low frequency electric and magnetic
fields with living systems: health effects and research needs.
Repacholi MH, Greenebaum B.
World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. repacholim@who.ch
An international seminar was held June 4-6, 1997, on the biological
effects and related health hazards of ambient or environmental static
and extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields (0-300
Hz). It was cosponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), the
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP),
the German, Japanese, and Swiss governments. Speakers provided
overviews of the scientific literature that were discussed by
participants of the meeting. Subsequently, expert working groups
formulated this report, which evaluates possible health effects from
exposure to static and ELF electric and magnetic fields and identifies
gaps in knowledge requiring more research to improve health risk
assessments. The working groups concluded that, although health hazards
exist from exposure to ELF fields at high field strengths, the
literature does not establish that health hazards are associated with
exposure to low-level fields, including environmental levels.
Similarly, exposure to static electric fields at levels currently found
in the living and working environment or acute exposure to static
magnetic fields at flux densities below 2 T, were not found to have
demonstrated adverse health consequences. However, reports of
biological effects from low-level ELF-field exposure and chronic
exposure to static magnetic fields were identified that need
replication and further study for WHO to assess any possible health
consequences. Ambient static electric fields have not been reported to
cause any direct adverse health effects, and so no further research in
this area was deemed necessary.
Publication Types:
* Congresses
* Review
* Review, Academic
99: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1999;41(3):75-80. Related
Articles, Links
Effects of low-intensity electromagnetic fields on behavioral activity
of rats.
Kemerov S, Marinkev M, Getova D.
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Higher Medical
Institute, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
The present study aimed at comparative assessment of the changes in
behavioral activity of rats after exposing them to low intensity
electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in the meter, decimeter and centimeter
ranges. The experiments were carried out on 24 Wistar rats divided into
4 groups (1 control and 3 experimental), treated with different EMFs.
The rats were irradiated on the head area at power density of 10
mW/cm2. Using a conventional shuttle box, the conditioned and
non-conditioned responses and spontaneous motor activity of the rats
were studied. The results suggest that exposure to EMFs in the three
ranges can slow down the formation of conditioned responses--this was
clearly marked in the rats exposed to meter EMFs, whereas the effects
of centimeter EMFs were delayed in time. The behavioral effects were
mild at athermal dosages and the animals adapted easily to exposure
conditions. This study shows that determination of the effects of
different EMFs should be done for each of the ranges separately;
determination of the exact dosage of the electromagnetic fields can
help to avoid their negative biological effects.
PMID: 10658372 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
100: Med Pr. 1999;50(6):581-91. Related Articles,
Links
[Environmental exposure to electromagnetic fields and the risk of
cancer]
[Article in Polish]
Sliwinska-Kowalska M.
Zakladu Zagrozen Fizycznych, Instytutu Medycyny Pracy, Lodzi.
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) of power-line frequency are very common
in the human environment. Electric tractions and transmission lines of
high voltage are their major sources, however, household appliances are
also involved in generating EMFs. Although their biological effect has
not as yet been well documented, they evoke an increasing concern as
being suspected of their carcinogenic effect. This concern arises
mainly from epidemiological studies, which indicate an increased risk
for leukemia in children living in the vicinity of transmission lines
of high voltage. The author presents a review of epidemiological and
experimental studies on a possible effect of power-line frequency EMFs
on the development of neoplastic diseases. Epidemiological data
obtained to date shows that power-line frequency EMFs do not induce
cancer risk and if this is the case the risk is marginal (relevant risk
of 1-4 order). Nevertheless, this risk seems to be more evident in
occupational than in environmental exposure. The results of
experimental studies carried out on animals disclose a possible effect
of EMFs as a factor contributing to the development of cancer induced
by a known carcinogen. In order to answer the question put in the title
it is necessary to continue a large scale investigations especially
experimental ones.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
101: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1999;(6):2-6. Related
Articles, Links
[Present status and tasks of occupational regulations for
radiofrequency of electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Pal'tsev IuP.
Intensive use of various emitters of radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields is a potential health hazard both for workers and general
population. Thus, improved hygienic regulation and control of
nonionizing electromagnetic radiation becomes very important for
prophylactics. Hygienic regulation of radiofrequency electromagnetic
fields is based on elimination of their influence on human health.
Incomplete knowledge of biologic mechanisms underlying influence of
low-intensity radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is a serious
obstacle to further improvement of hygienic regulation. Special
attention should be paid on clinical, physiologic and epidemiologic
research aimed to study long-term effects and influence of the stated
fields on general morbidity.
PMID: 10420708 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
102: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1999 Jan-Feb;39(1):79-83.
Related Articles, Links
[Mechanism of radiobiological effects of low intensity nonionizing
electromagnetic radiation]
[Article in Russian]
Kudriashov IuB, Perov IuF, Golenitskaia IA.
Moscow State University, Department of Biology.
The results of the research of the biological effects of the
non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation were studied from the position
of "thermal" and "unthermal" mechanisms. The special attention was
spared to analysing the information characterising the high
sensitiveness of the human and animals organism to the very-low
intensity electromagnetic fields.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
103: Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 1998 Nov;6(4):749-74.
Related Articles, Links
Biologic effects of low-level electromagnetic fields: current issues
and controversies.
Beers GJ, Phillips JL, Prato FS, Nair I.
Jerry L. Pettis VA Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA.
There is uncertainty and controversy about the extent to which low
level electromagnetic fields may cause deleterious effects, but even
experts who are skeptical about many supposed hazards are willing to
agree that electromagnetic fields even weaker than those in the MR
environment can have effects under certain conditions. In order that
readers can familiarize themselves enough with the subject to make an
informed independent assessment, discuss it knowledgeably in public,
and have the means with which to evaluate new developments and avoid
experimental pitfalls if planning their own research in the area, they
are provided with some of the most recent finding of in vitro and in
vivo research from outside the MR literature as well as some of the
results and controversies coming from recent epidemiological studies.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review Literature
104: Neuropsychobiology. 1998 Nov;38(4):251-6.
Related Articles, Links
No effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on heart
rate variability during human sleep.
Mann K, Roschke J, Connemann B, Beta H.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany.
The influence of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields emitted
by digital mobile radio telephones on heart rate during sleep in
healthy humans was investigated. Beside mean RR interval and total
variability of RR intervals based on calculation of the standard
deviation, heart rate variability was assessed in the frequency domain
by spectral power analysis providing information about the balance
between the two branches of the autonomic nervous system. For most
parameters, significant differences between different sleep stages were
found. In particular, slow-wave sleep was characterized by a low ratio
of low- and high-frequency components, indicating a predominance of the
parasympathetic over the sympathetic tone. In contrast, during REM
sleep the autonomic balance was shifted in favor of the sympathetic
activity. For all heart rate parameters, no significant effects were
detected under exposure to the field compared to placebo condition.
Thus, under the given experimental conditions, autonomic control of
heart rate was not affected by weak-pulsed high-frequency
electromagnetic fields.
PMID: 9813465 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
105: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1998 Nov-Dec;28(6):686-93.
Related Articles, Links
Action of modulated electromagnetic fields on the emotional component
of the systems organization of behavioral acts in rats.
Sudakov KV.
P. K. Anokhin Science Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian
Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
This article reviews experimental data providing evidence on the
effects of modulated electromagnetic fields of 30-120 V/m with a
carrier frequency of 30 MHz modulated sinusoidally at frequencies of
2-50 Hz on the emotional responses accompanying various stages in the
systems organization of behavior in rats. The blocking effects of
fields were demonstrated in self-stimulation models in different types
of conditioned reflex behavior, as well as during extinction of
conditioned reflex responses in individual conditions and emotional
intercourse. It is suggested that modulated electromagnetic fields
which have information effects on the body act on the information
component of behavior, i.e., emotion.
PMID: 9850964 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
106: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1998 Nov-Dec;38(6):920-3.
Related Articles, Links
[Mechanisms of biophysical effects of microwaves]
[Article in Russian]
Ismailov ESh, Khachirov DG, Ismailova GE, Kudriashov IuB.
Lomonosov State University, Moscow.
According to our and other investigators theoretical and experimental
dates biophysical effects of microwaves are defined by thermal and
specific biological action. Specific influence are realized by more
delicate and precise ways and mechanisms of absorption and molecular
relaxation of microwave energy, energy-informative interaction of
radio-emission with biosystem. It include three mechanisms:
synchronisation of oscillatory processes (oscillators) of irradiated
object in acting electromagnetic field; selective influence of
microwaves on the biomembranes, on nervous and other highly-organized
systems of living organism, on the complex formation processes and
fermentative activity; resonance phenomena. These mechanisms connected
with parameters of acting electromagnetic field and with electrical,
magnetic and other properties of biological systems.
PMID: 9889788 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
107: Exp Neurol. 1998 Oct;153(2):328-34. Related
Articles, Links
Weak ELF magnetic field effects on hippocampal rhythmic slow activity.
Jenrow KA, Zhang X, Renehan WE, Liboff AR.
Department of Gastroenterology and, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit,
Michigan, 48202, USA.
Several investigations have revealed that electrical activity within
the central nervous system (CNS) can be affected by exposure to weak
extremely-low-frequency (ELF) magnetic fields. Many of these studies
have implicated CNS structures exhibiting endogenous oscillation and
synchrony as optimal sites for field coupling. A particularly well
characterized structure in this regard is the rat hippocampus. Under
urethane anesthesia, synchronous bursting among hippocampal pyramidal
neurons produces a large-amplitude quasi-sinusoidal field potential
oscillation, termed "rhythmic slow activity" (RSA) or "theta." Using
this in vivo model, we investigated the effect of exposure to an
externally applied sinusoidal magnetic field (16.0 Hz; 28.9
microT(rms)) on RSA. During a 60-min exposure interval, the probability
of RSA decaying to a less coherent mode of oscillation, termed "large
irregular-amplitude activity" (LIA), was increased significantly.
Moreover, this instability persisted for up to 90 min postexposure.
These results are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous CNS
oscillators are uniquely susceptible to field-mediated perturbation and
suggest that the sensitivity of these networks to such fields may be
far greater than had previously been assumed. This sensitivity may
reflect nonlinearities inherent to these networks which permit
amplification of endogenous fields mediating the initiation and
propagation of neuronal synchrony. Copyright 1998 Academic Press.
PMID: 9784291 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields and radiation.
Sienkiewicz Z.
National Radiological Protection Board, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon, UK.
There is much debate and controversy surrounding the effects of low
intensity electromagnetic fields and radiation. A few subtle biological
effects have been observed in experiments using animals and volunteers,
but there is no convincing evidence to suggest that exposure to the
fields commonly encountered in the environment will cause any
significant adverse health effect in humans.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
109: Biofizika. 1998 Jul-Aug;43(4):588-93. Related
Articles, Links
[Electromagnetic bioengineering]
[Article in Russian]
Novikov VV.
Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino,
Moscow Region, Russia.
The results of experimental and theoretical studies on the combined
action of weak electrical as well as constant and variable
low-frequently magnetic fields on physicochemical and biological
systems are generalised. It is shown that weak magnetic fields with
parameters close to characteristics of the geomagnetic field exert
selective effects, initiating the processes of chemical reactivity and
ion conductivity in aqueous solutions of organic molecules.
PMID: 9783064 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
110: FASEB J. 1998 Apr;12(6):395-420. Related
Articles, Links
Biological responses to electromagnetic fields.
Lacy-Hulbert A, Metcalfe JC, Hesketh R.
Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, England.
a.lacy-hulbert@ucl.ac.uk
Electrification in developed countries has progressively increased the
mean level of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs)
to which populations are exposed; these humanmade fields are
substantially above the naturally occurring ambient electric and
magnetic fields of approximately 10(-4) Vm(-1) and approximately
10(-13) T, respectively. Several epidemiological studies have concluded
that ELF-EMFs may be linked to an increased risk of cancer,
particularly childhood leukemia. These observations have been
reinforced by cellular studies reporting EMF-induced effects on
biological systems, most notably on the activity of components of the
pathways that regulate cell proliferation. However, the limited number
of attempts to directly replicate these experimental findings have been
almost uniformly unsuccessful, and no EMF-induced biological response
has yet been replicated in independent laboratories. Many of the most
well-defined effects have come from gene expression studies; several
attempts have been made recently to repeat these key findings. This
review analyses these studies and summarizes other reports of major
cellular responses to EMFs and the published attempts at replication.
The opening sections discuss quantitative aspects of exposure to EMFs
and the incidence of cancers that have been correlated with such
fields. The concluding section considers the problems that confront
research in this area and suggests feasible strategies.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Academic
111: Neuroendocrinology. 1998 Feb;67(2):139-44.
Related Articles, Links
Effects of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields on the
neuroendocrine system.
Mann K, Wagner P, Brunn G, Hassan F, Hiemke C, Roschke J.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany.
The influence of pulsed high-frequency electromagnetic fields emitted
from a circularly polarized antenna on the neuroendocrine system in
healthy humans was investigated (900 MHz electromagnetic field, pulsed
with 217 Hz, average power density 0.02 mW/cm2). Nocturnal hormone
profiles of growth hormone (GH), cortisol, luteinizing hormone (LH) and
melatonin were determined under polysomnographic control. An alteration
in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis activity was found with a
slight, transient elevation in the cortisol serum level immediately
after onset of field exposure which persisted for 1 h. For GH, LH and
melatonin, no significant effects were found under exposure to the
field compared to the placebo condition, regarding both total hormone
production during the entire night and dynamic characteristics of the
secretion pattern. Also the evaluation of the sleep EEG data revealed
no significant alterations under field exposure, although there was a
trend to an REM suppressive effect. The results indicate that weak
high-frequency electromagnetic fields have no effects on nocturnal
hormone secretion except for a slight elevation in cortisol production
which is transient, pointing to an adaptation of the organism to the
stimulus.
Publication Types:
* Clinical Trial
* Randomized Controlled Trial
112: Bioelectromagnetics. 1998;19(2):136-8. Related
Articles, Links
Comment on:
* Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(2):111-5.
Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields do not interact directly
with DNA.
Adair RK.
Department of Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06516,
USA.
Blank and Goodman [(1997): Bioelectromagnetics 18:111-115] suggest that
weak extremely low frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields affect
intracellular DNA directly. We show that such a conclusion is not in
accord with physical principles.
Publication Types:
* Comment
113: Med Pr. 1998;49(3):261-74. Related Articles,
Links
[Exposure to electromagnetic fields with frequencies of 50 Hz and
changes in the circulatory system in workers at electrical power
stations]
[Article in Polish]
Bortkiewicz A, Zmyslony M, Gadzicka E.
Zakladu Fizjologii Pracy i Ergonomii.
Bearing in mind a great diffusion of electromagnetic fields (EMF) with
power-line frequency (in Poland-50 Hz) both in the occupational and
communal environments, it is not surprising that possible health
effects related to this exposure evoke much interest. Electromagnetic
fields may affect the circulatory and nervous systems because of
theoretical probability that electric impulses, generated by external
electric and magnetic fields, may disturb their functions. For this
reason we have decided to evaluate the functioning of the circulatory
system in persons occupationally exposed to power-line frequency
electromagnetic fields by employing the most up-to-date methods
facilitating the in-depth diagnosis of the circulatory system and
neurovegetative mechanisms. The work presented focused on the
evaluation of electrocardiographic changes. The study covered 63
workers of the transforming and distributing stations, aged 22-67 years
(median 39 +/- 10), employed under exposure for 2-43 years (median 15
+/- 10). The control group consisted of 42 workers of radio link
stations, aged 23-65 years (median 30 +/- 14), employed in the similar
system but not exposed to EMF, with employment duration of 1-42 years
(median 13 +/- 4). All persons were subject to general medical
examinations, resting ECG, and 24 h Holter monitoring. In addition, the
level of exposure in individual workplaces was estimated following the
measurements of the intensity of electric and magnetic fields. In
workers of electromagnetic stations an increased risk for
electrocardiographic disturbances was revealed. Under conditions of
exposure to electric fields, observed in stations where workers were
employed, the risk was increased by 10%.
Publication Types:
* Clinical Trial
* Controlled Clinical Trial
114: Med Pr. 1998;49(2):177-86. Related Articles,
Links
[The role of free radicals in mechanisms of biological function exposed
to weak, constant and net magnetic fields]
[Article in Polish]
Zmyslony M, Jajte JM.
Zakladu Zagrozen Fizycznych, Instytutu Medycyny Pracy, Lodzi.
For many years biological effect of magnetic fields has been the
subject of great interest. Based on the current body of knowledge, many
specialists suggest that it may play some role in the process of
embryogenesis and teratogenesis; disturb the functioning of the central
nervous and immunological systems; and effect cellular growth and
differentiation, particularly in terms of carcinogenesis. However,
sufficient evidence collaborating the assumption of health hazard
arising from general exposure to magnetic field has not as yet been
provided. At present, very intensive studies have been carried out in
order to elucidate the mechanism of the effect of magnetic fields both
in terms of physical and biological aspects. The authors present the
most recognised hypotheses among those suggested in this area. They
devote more attention to the hypothesis on a possible effect of weak
magnetic fields, namely those observed in the occupational and
commmunal environments, on free radicals which play a key role in a
number of processes occurring in live organisms. The results of in
vitro studies which confirm that such a mechanism does exist in simple
biological systems are also discussed. The effect of this mechanism on
the whole organism is still unknown. The future experimental,
particularly in vivo, studies should provide a final answer to the
question whether the effects observed are only transient ones or
whether they play a decisive role in the mechanism of magnetic fields
affecting human organism.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
115: Med Pr. 1998;49(1):93-105. Related Articles,
Links
[Biological effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation]
[Article in Polish]
Fedorowski A, Steciwko A.
Zakladu Medycyny Rodzinnej, Akademii Medycznej we Wroclawiu.
Since the mid 1970's, when Adey discovered that extremely-low-frequency
electromagnetic field (ELF EMF) may affect the calcium ions efflux from
various cells, bioeffects of non-ionizing radiation (NIR) have become
the subject of growing interest and numerous research projects. At
present, the fact that NIR exerts both stimulatory and inhibitory
effects on different physiological cellular parameters is rather
unquestionable. At the same time, some epidemiological studies suggest
that exposure to EMF is potentially harmful even if its intensity is
very low. It has been proved that thermal factors are not responsible
for these effects, therefore nowadays, they are called 'non-thermal
effects'. Our paper deals with three different aspects of biological
effects of non-ionizing radiation, bioelectromagnetism,
electromagnetobiology and electromagnetic bioinformation. Firstly, we
describe how EMF and photons can be produced within a living cell, how
biological cycles are controlled, and what are the features of
endogenous electromagnetic radiation. Secondly, we discuss various
facets of external EMF interactions with living matter, focusing on
extremely-low-frequencies, radio- and microwaves. Possible mechanisms
of these interactions are also mentioned. Finally, we present a short
overview of current theories which explain how electromagnetic
couplings may control an open and dissipative structure, namely the
living organism. The theory of electromagnetic bioinformation seems to
explain how different physiological processes are triggered and
controlled, as well as how long-range interactions may possibly occur
within the complex biological system. The review points out that the
presented research data must be assessed very carefully since its
evaluation is crucial to set the proper limits of EMF exposure, both
occupational and environmental. The study of biological effects of
non-ioinizing radiation may also contribute to the development of new
diagnostic and therapeutic methods.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
116: Sb Lek. 1998;99(4):455-64. Related Articles,
Links
[The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on living organisms]
[Article in Czech]
Strasak L, Vetterl V, Smarda J.
Katedra fyzikalni elektroniky Prirodovedecke fakulty Masarykovy
Univerzity, Brno, Czech Republic.
This report studies effect of alternating low-frequency electromagnetic
fields (Bm = 5-21.5 mT, f = 50 Hz, duration of exposure t = 0-24 min)
on viability of bacteria Escherichia coli. We have shown that the
growth of bacteria is impaired the electromagnetic field. Their ability
to form colonies on a solid medium decreases in dependence on magnitude
of magnetic field and on duration of exposure. The growth curve is
influenced by the electromagnetic field as well. Effects of
electromagnetic fields are independent of biological age in first four
hours of their growth. We have found no morphological changes in
bacterial systems in electromagnetic field by optical microscope.
Viability of bacteria is bigger in a liquid medium and less in a solid
medium. Bacteriophage BF 23 attach less to bacteria influenced by
electromagnetic field. And finally, magnetic field did not make
induction of production of bacteriophage. This effect indicates, that
magnetic field did not damage DNA of exposed bacteria.
PMID: 10803288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
117: Med Lav. 1997 Nov-Dec;88(6):462-74. Related
Articles, Links
[The health risks of exposure to electromagnetic fields in work
environments]
[Article in Italian]
Vecchia P.
Laboratorio di Fisica, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma.
In the last few years the debate on possible health risks of
electromagnetic fields has focused on specific sources, namely power
lines and, more recently, base stations for cellular telephones. This
has drastically diverted the attention of the research and prevention
community towards residential exposures. On the other hand, the
increasing number of technological process exploiting or generating
electromagnetic fields requires greater attention to exposures at the
workplace. The scope of research in this area is vast because of
different emission characteristics of the sources, different
interaction mechanisms at various frequencies, and different effects
that have been identified or hypothesized. The paper presents an
overview of health problems involved in exposure to electromagnetic
fields at the workplace. Different frequency ranges and related sources
are considered separately. In particular, the different levels of
knowledge are noted and areas requiring further research are identified.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
118: Med Tekh. 1997 Nov-Dec;(6):12-5. Related
Articles, Links
[Use of an experimental space-time prediction model to design
instruments for evaluation of higher nervous activity in man]
[Article in Russian]
Matveev EV.
While examining the basic mechanisms responsible for the performance of
the central nervous system (CNS), of interest are the situations in
which the behaviour caused by these mechanisms and independent of
education levels, habits, and occupation is shown to the highest
extent. The paper presents an example of constructing and testing an
experimental model which may assess different manifestations of CNS
functions. The use of the model as textual examination procedures
provides an insight into the higher nervous performance.
PMID: 9460657 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
120: Med Pregl. 1997 Sep-Oct;50(9-10):357-62.
Related Articles, Links
[The effect of low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the
neuroendocrine system]
[Article in Croatian]
Lazetic B, Kozarcic T, Stankov K.
Zavod za fiziologiju, Medicinski fakultet, Novi Sad.
This paper presents literature data about effects of low-intensity
variable electromagnetic fields on the neuroendocrine system of
experimental animals. We mostly paid attention to electromagnetic
fields frequently found in our environment, in technological processes,
even in our everyday life. This study shows that the regulatory systems
(nervous and endocrine) are extremely sensitive to effects of
electromagnetic fields. In regard to structures of the central nervous
system hypothalamus shows particularly high sensitivity whereas we can
consider a hypothesis that effects of this physical factor may be
expected in other systems too. It has been emphasized that the effects
of electromagnetic fields on regulatory mechanisms may be connected
with primary disturbances on the cellular and subcellular
(mitochondrial) level.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Academic
[The general patterns in the development of the ultrastructural
reactions under the action of electromagnetic radiations]
[Article in Russian]
Korolev IuN.
Original investigations of the author provided authors with information
on subcellular adaptive reactions in response to electromagnetic
radiation. Activation of hyperplastic processes represents the leading
structural-adaptive response of the body arising accelerated renewal of
the ultrastructures. The author characterizes adaptive hyperplasia of
the ultrastructures. The author characterizes adaptive hyperplasia
emerging in bioenergetic and protein-synthetizing organelles in the
cells of different organs. It is emphasized that high intensities
provoke destructive processes.
PMID: 9446304 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
122: J Indian Med Assoc. 1997 Jul;95(7):429-33.
Related Articles, Links
Influence of electromagnetism on genomic and other biological
structures.
Jacobson JI.
Institute of Theoretical Physics and Advanced Studies for Biophysical
Research, Jupiter, Florida 33477-1418, USA.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
123: Med Hypotheses. 1997 Jul;49(1):31-4. Related
Articles, Links
Effects of natural and man-made electric/electromagnetic fields on
human health: a possible mechanism.
Sher L.
Studies and observations have shown that natural and artificial
electric/electromagnetic fields affect human health. The author
suggests that these fields can alter the state of acupuncture points,
and produce an acupuncture-like effect. The author further suggests
that the influence of natural and man-made electric/electromagnetic
fields on human health is mediated by electrical processes in
acupuncture points.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
124: Biofizika. 1997 May-Jun;42(3):742-5. Related
Articles, Links
[Molecular mechanisms of biological action of low magnetic fields. III.
Regulation of intermolecular interaction in water phase of DNA, DNAse 1
and a DNAase 1 inhibitor under combined action of low constant and
alternating magnetic fields adjusted to cyclotron resonance of polar
amino acid ions]
[Article in Russian]
Fesenko EE, Novikov VV, Shvetsov IuP.
PMID: 9296637 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
125: Biofizika. 1997 May-Jun;42(3):733-7. Related
Articles, Links
[Molecular mechanisms of biological action of low magnetic fields. I.
Stability of chromatin from Ehrlich ascite carcinoma and mouse brain
cells to the treatment of DNase 1 under combined action of low constant
and alternating low-frequency magnetic fields adjusted to the cyclotron
resonance of ions of polar amino acids]
[Article in Russian]
Novikov VV, Shvetsov IuP, Fesenko EE, Novikova NI.
PMID: 9296635 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
126: Med Tekh. 1997 May-Jun;(3):42-3. Related
Articles, Links
[Electromagnetic urological stimulator]
[Article in Russian]
Zaslavskii AOi, Markarov GS, Gelis IuS.
The paper deals with an electromagnetic urological stimulator which
generates a modulated low-frequency electromagnetic field of nonthermal
intensity and its brief technical data. It presents a treatment regimen
for urolithiasis and recommendations how to use the above therapeutical
agent to stimulate urinary function in patients with urolithiasis in
order to inoperatively eliminate urinary calculi and sand which form
following extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy.
PMID: 9312646 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
127: Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(7):491-8. Related
Articles, Links
Influence of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on the
swimming behavior of ciliates.
Hemmersbach R, Becker E, Stockem W.
Institute of Aerospace Medicine, DLR (German Aerospace Research
Establishment), Koln. Ruth.Hemmersbach@DLR.DE
Different species of ciliates (Paramecium biaurelia, Loxodes striatus,
Tetrahymena thermophila) have been taken as model systems to study the
effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (50 Hz,
0.5-2.0 mT) on the cellular level. A dose-dependent increase in the
mean swimming velocity and a decrease in the linearity of cell tracks
were observed in all wild-type cells. In contrast, field-exposure did
not increase the number of directional turns of the Paramecium
tetraurelia pawn mutant (d4-500r), which is characterized by defective
Ca2+-channels. The described changes indicate a direct effect of low
frequency electromagnetic fields on the transport mechanisms of the
cell membrane for ions controlling the motile activity of cilia.
PMID: 9338630 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
128: Bioelectromagnetics. 1997;18(5):400-1. Related
Articles, Links
Comment on "Effects of 60 Hz electromagnetic fields on early growth in
three plant species and a replication of previous results" by Mark S.
Davies.
Parkinson WC.
Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA.
Publication Types:
* Letter
130: Fiziol Zh. 1997;43(1-2):19-22. Related
Articles, Links
[The effect of dimethylethanolamine on the summation capacity of the
central nervous system and on the work capacity of animals in a chronic
experiment]
[Article in Ukrainian]
Lukoshko SO, Koval'chuk TO, Rybal'chenko VK.
The effects of inhaling action of dimethylethanolamine
(twenty-four-hour for four months (on summarizing liminal index, SLI)
and efficiency of white rats in dependence on various concentrations of
amino alcohol were studied in chronic experiments. The obtained results
allowed to conclude, that high (2.76 mg/m3) concentration of
dimethylethanolamine influenced on functional state of central nervous
system. SLI changes pointed to disturbance of dynamic equilibrium
between processes of inhibition and excitation with prevalence of
latter. In the same time the sufficient grounds for the attribution of
dimethylethanolamine to myorelaxants were absent, since in our
experiments we used only very high concentrations of this agent.
PMID: 9221114 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
131: Life Sci. 1997;61(17):1651-6. Related Articles,
Links
Hematological changes in rats exposed to weak electromagnetic fields.
Ubeda A, Diaz-Enriquez M, Martinez-Pascual MA, Parreno A.
Dept. Investigacion, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, Madrid, Spain.
A number of experimental studies report that biological systems can be
affected by in vivo exposure to low frequency and extremely low
frequency electromagnetic fields. However, attempts to independently
replicate some of these studies have shown the reported effects to be
elusive. The difficulty in replicating results could be due to
unidentified physical and/or biological parameters which may affect the
response of a sample to electromagnetic fields. The present paper
reports a failure to independently replicate a study showing that in
vivo exposure to a pulsed magnetic field of 1.5 mT caused significant
changes on plasma proteins in rats. Although the possibility has to be
considered that the results from the seminal work were artifactual,
substantial differences in levels of plasma proteins were observed
between the control groups of the two studies indicating that the
animals in the first study had an infectious illness. This observation
supports the hypothesis that the state of physiological equilibrium of
a biological system is crucial to its response to a potentially
effective electromagnetic field.
PMID: 9363980 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
132: Med Pr. 1997;48(5):507-19. Related Articles,
Links
[Electrosmog as a health risk factor: sources of artificial
electromagnetic fields, evaluation of health risk, prevention methods]
[Article in Polish]
Fedorowski A, Steciwko A.
Zakladu Medycyny Rodzinnej, Akademii Medycznej we Wroclawiu.
In recent years we have observed how electromagnetic (EM) radiation
enters our daily life. The strength of man-made EM field is often far
above the natural level and this finding has encouraged a large group
of researchers to investigate its possible health effect. Non-ionizing
radiation and extremely low-frequency electric and magnetic fields have
been the subject of intensive theoretical and experimental works since
Adey published his observations concerning non-linear and non-thermal
biological effects. At the same time an epidemiological material
appeared suggesting that EM field generates various diseases including
leukemia and brain tumors. Possible mechanisms of EM field interactions
with living matter remain unknown although theoretical models have been
proposed by many authors. In vitro and in vivo studies as well as
epidemiological data have not provided the ground for decisive
conclusions. Nevertheless, the relationship between EM fields and
biological effects seems to be most likely. Any international standards
for safety limits have not as yet been established and regulations in
this regard vary in different countries. However, occupational and
residential exposure to EM field can be efficiently measured using an
appropriate equipment and such measurements should become a standard
procedure wherever electrosmog is suspected to be a pathogenic factor.
PMID: 9501333 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
133: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1997;(10):21-3. Related
Articles, Links
[Physical principles of protection from the effects of electromagnetic
irradiation on biological objects (review of the literature)]
[Article in Russian]
Miroshinkova TK.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Tutorial
134: Biofizika. 1996 Nov-Dec;41(6):1163-7. Related
Articles, Links
[Condensation of amino acids in aqueous solutions after exposure to
weak electromagnetic fields]
[Article in Russian]
Novikov VV, Lisitsyn AS.
PMID: 9044613 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
135: Med Tekh. 1996 Nov-Dec;(6):3-4. Related
Articles, Links
[Therapeutic effects of a low-frequency electromagnetic field and
magnetotherapy devices of the Polius type]
[Article in Russian]
Viktorov VA, Malkov IuV.
PMID: 9053708 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
136: Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1996 Oct-Dec;(4):19-21.
Related Articles, Links
[Therapeutic modulation of the cardiotoxic action of cardiac glycosides
with electromagnetic emitters alternating with magnetic and electric
fields]
[Article in Russian]
Grechko AT.
A model of the cardiotoxic effect of cardiac glycosides
(k-strophanthin) was used in the experiments with standard frog hearts
isolated in situ. Effective parameters of the cardioprotective action
of electromagnetic radiations, magnetic and electric fields are
examined with the model.
PMID: 9082313 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
137: Usp Fiziol Nauk. 1996 Oct-Dec;27(4):44-62.
Related Articles, Links
[The nonspecific mechanisms of CNS adaptation to intermittent stimuli,
EEG spectral structure and the optimal parameters of rhythmic sensory
actions]
[Article in Russian]
Fedotchev AI, Bondar' AT.
Presented paper reviews recent literature data about the role of
non-specific mechanisms of central nervous system adaptation and
intrinsic properties of organism functional systems in the effects of
rhythmical sensory influences. Among the reviewed factors which
determine particular effectiveness of relatively weak, but rhythmically
organized external signals, there are such as an increased sensitivity
of living things to different oscillatory actions, the mechanisms of
adaptive reactions, resonance central nervous system phenomena and an
interaction of rhythmical sensory stimulation with organism endogenous
rhythms. Special attention is paid to endogenous rhythms in the
electrical activity of the brain, or to the EEG rhythms. Modern state
of art in the field of spectral EEG structure analysis is discussed,
and some new approaches to rhythmical sensory stimulation efficacy
enhancement based on individual high resolution EEG structure features
are delineated.
Publication Types:
* Review
* Review, Academic
138: Arh Hig Rada Toksikol. 1996 Sep;47(3):323-36.
Related Articles, Links
[Exposure to low electromagnetic fields and the carcinogenesis process]
[Article in Croatian]
Garaj-Vrhovac V.
Institut za medicinska istrazivanja i medicinu rada, Zagreb.
In the literature as well as in public media increasing attention is
paid to possible health effects of exposure to low-frequency electric
and magnetic fields, Experimental studies at the cellular level and
mammalian studies in vivo have demonstrated various biological effects
that are possibly associated with human exposure to low-frequency
radiation. Although the exact mechanism
