Pulsed electro
magnetic field therapy (PEMF Therapy) and repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (rTMS) appear to mediate depression and/or
neurochemical imbalances that cause depression in a good majority of
subjects, though the effects are transient. After all, these studies
are clinical in nature, exposure sessions are short and require dozens
of trips to clinic. Even so, some studies show benefit lasting 3-6
months post treatment.
We believe there
is a better way than blasting the brain with thousands upon thousands
of Gauss during short exposure.
Pulsed
electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) and repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been shown to
up-regulate various neurotransmission processes, it would make sense
that pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) would in fact have
significant beneficial effect on depression and other psychiatric
disorders caused by neuro-chemical imbalances and / or
neurotransmission processes.
Research shows
that pulsed
electromagnetic field therapy (rTMS / PEMF) up-modulates
certain neuroendocrine functions which
improve psychological and physiological health and wellbeing. See
Parkinson's
bibliography for studies involving Dopamine and Melatonin synthesis and
the Sandyk and Anninos pages for Parkinson's and Epilepsy specifically.
In 2006 momentum increased in the field of researching rTMS / PEMF
specifically against depression and other neurological conditions and
Health Canada was very close to approving transcranial magnetic
stimulation for depression. In 2007 Canada reversed its position and
rTMS/TMS is now no closer to approval than it was several years ago. In
the United States you will wait for years, if not decades.
EarthPulse™
provides BioMagnetic Supplementation throughout the frequency range
shown effective in mediating depression but in far lower amplitudes
designed for regular daily applications or as needed in the comfort of
your home.
Most PEMF/rTMS research uses near motor threshold amplitudes that are
hundreds if not thousands of times peak output amplitude of the
EarthPulse™ system. Far lighter amplitude exposure for far longer
exposure time is the key. Nudge changes, don't force them.
EarthPulse™ is
modeled after Eastern European's most effective and well tested
frequencies and wave-forms, in a very adaptable system that is
primarily designed for nighttime use. If it doesn't exceed your
expectations (for any purpose), just return it for a full refund (less
shipping charges).
Research
has proven beyond any reasonable doubt,
that pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF therapy) and repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS/TMS) are absent expected
or
unexpected adverse reactions though about 8-10% are
non-responsive.
J
Affect Disord. 2008 Jun 20. [Epub ahead of print] Links
The
impact of one HF-rTMS session on mood and salivary cortisol in
treatment resistant unipolar melancholic depressed patients.
Baeken C, De Raedt R, Leyman L, Schiettecatte J, Kaufman L, Poppe K,
Vanderhasselt MA, Anckaert E, Bossuyt A.
Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital, Free University of
Brussels, UZBrussel, Belgium.
J Clin
Psychiatry. 2008 May 20:e1-e5. [Epub ahead of print] Links
An
Open-Label, Prospective Study of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic
Stimulation (rTMS) in the Long-Term Treatment of Refractory Depression:
Reproducibility and Duration of the Antidepressant Effect in
Medication-Free Patients.
Demirtas-Tatlidede A, Mechanic-Hamilton D, Press DZ, Pearlman C, Stern
WM, Thall M, Pascual-Leone A.
From the Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation,
Harvard Medical School, and the Department of Neurology, Behavioral
Neurology Unit, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Mass.
Psychol
Med. 2008 Apr 30:1-11. [Epub ahead of print] Links
Antidepressant
efficacy of high-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation over the
left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in double-blind sham-controlled
designs: a meta-analysis.
Schutter DJ.
Experimental Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Arch
Gen Psychiatry. 2008 Mar;65(3):268-76. Links
Treatment
of vascular depression using repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation.
Jorge RE, Moser DJ, Acion L, Robinson RG.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Iowa, Room W278 General
Hospital, 200 Hawkins Dr, Iowa City, IA 52242-1000, USA
J
Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2008 Winter;20(1):74-80.Links
Changes
in regional cerebral blood flow after repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in
treatment-resistant depression.
Kito S, Fujita K, Koga Y.
Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kyorin University School of Medicine,
6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo, 181-8611, Japan
Neuro
Endocrinol Lett. 2008 Feb;29(1):69-70.Links
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depressive episode
during pregnancy.
Klirova M, Novak T, Kopecek M, Mohr P, Strunzova V.
Prague Psychiatric Centre, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University,
Prague, Czech Republic
Clin
Neurophysiol. 2008 Feb;119(2):482-91. Epub 2007 Dec 11. Links
Evaluation
of the potential genotoxic effects of rTMS on the rat brain and current
density mapping.
de Sauvage RC, Lagroye I, Billaudel B, Veyret B.
University of Bordeaux 1, IMS Laboratory-Bioelectromagnetics group,
ENSCPB/EPHE, 16 Pey Berland Avenue, 33607 Pessac Cedex, France
Clin Neurophysiol. 2007 Oct;118(10):2189-94. Epub 2007 Aug
21. Links
An
open study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in
treatment-resistant depression with Parkinson's disease.
Epstein CM, Evatt ML, Funk A, Girard-Siqueira L, Lupei N, Slaughter
L, Athar S, Green J, McDonald W, Delong MR.
Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
GA 30322, USA.
J Psychiatr Res. 2007 Oct;41(7):606-15. Epub 2006 Apr 4.
Links
Metabolic
alterations in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex after treatment with
high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients
with unipolar major depression.
Luborzewski A, Schubert F, Seifert F, Danker-Hopfe H, Brakemeier EL,
Schlattmann P, Anghelescu I, Colla M, Bajbouj M.
Department of Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin
Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Eschenallee 3, D-14050 Berlin,
Germany.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Sep 20;:1-28 [Epub ahead
of print] Links
A
review of the safety of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as
a clinical treatment for depression.
Loo CK, McFarquhar TF, Mitchell PB.
Black Dog Institute, Sydney, Australia.
Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2007 Sep;116(3):165-73. Links
Has
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment for
depression improved? A systematic review and meta-analysis comparing
the recent vs. the earlier rTMS studies.
Gross M, Nakamura L, Pascual-Leone A, Fregni F.
Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São
Paulo, Brazil.
J Affect Disord. 2007 Sep;102(1-3):277-80. Epub 2007
Jan 9. Links
Repetitive
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of panic
disorder (PD) with comorbid major depression.
Mantovani A, Lisanby SH, Pieraccini F, Ulivelli M, Castrogiovanni P,
Rossi S.
Department of Psychiatry, Division of Brain Stimulation and Therapeutic
Modulation, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University,
1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 21, New York, NY 10032, USA.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Aug 21;:1-11 [Epub ahead
of print] Links
rTMS
treatment for depression in Parkinson's disease increases BOLD
responses in the left prefrontal cortex.
Cardoso EF, Fregni F, Martins Maia F, Boggio PS, Luis Myczkowski M,
Coracini K, Lopes Vieira A, Melo LM, Sato JR, Antonio Marcolin M,
Rigonatti SP, Cruz AC, Reis Barbosa E, Amaro E.
NIF, LIM-44, Department of Radiology, University of São Paulo,
São Paulo, Brazil.
J Affect Disord. 2007 May 7; [Epub ahead of print]
Links
Modulation
of cardiac autonomic functions in patients with major depression
treated with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Udupa K, Sathyaprabha TN, Thirthalli J, Kishore KR, Raju TR, Gangadhar
BN.
Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and
Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Hosur road, Bangalore, 560 029, India.
RESULTS: Both therapies produced comparable and significant reduction
in HDRS scores. HRV measures indicated that rTMS produced significantly
greater reduction in the sympathetic: parasympathetic ratio suggesting
improvement in sympathovagal balance. Conventional cardiac autonomic
function tests did not differentiate the two therapy effects.
CONCLUSIONS: rTMS not only
produced antidepressant effects but also ''corrected'' the autonomic
imbalance.
Clin EEG Neurosci. 2007 Apr;38(2):105-15.Links
Transcranial
and deep brain stimulation approaches as treatment for depression.
Rau A, Grossheinrich N, Palm U, Pogarell O, Padberg F.
Dept. of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians University
Munich, Munich, Germany.
Psychiatry Res. 2007 Mar 30;150(2):181-6. Epub 2007 Feb
14. Links
Long-lasting
effects of high frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
in major depressed patients.
Bortolomasi M, Minelli A, Fuggetta G, Perini M, Comencini S,
Fiaschi A, Manganotti P.
Casa di Cura Villa S. Chiara, Verona, Italy
Encephale. 2007 Mar-Apr;33(2):126-34. Links
[Efficacy
of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major
depression: a review]
[Article in French]
Brunelin J, Poulet E, Boeuve C, Zeroug-vial H, d'Amato T, Saoud M.
EA 3092, UCBL, Professeur J. Daléry, CH Le Vinatier, 95
boulevard Pinel, 69677 Bron cedex.
Psychol Med. 2007 Mar;37(3):341-9. Epub 2006 Dec 19. Links
A
sham-controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of twice-daily rTMS in
major depression.
Loo CK, Mitchell PB, McFarquhar TF, Malhi GS, Sachdev PS.
School of Psychiatry, University of NSW and Black Dog Institute,
Sydney, Australia.
J Affect Disord. 2006 Oct;95(1-3):35-42. Epub 2006
Jun 15. Links
Effects
of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on [11C]raclopride
binding and cognitive function in patients with depression.
Kuroda Y, Motohashi N, Ito H, Ito S, Takano A, Nishikawa T, Suhara
T.
Section of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Tokyo
Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
Neurosci Lett. 2006 Sep 11;405(1-2):79-83. Epub 2006 Jul
12. Links
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation protects hippocampal plasticity in an
animal model of depression.
Kim EJ, Kim WR, Chi SE, Lee KH, Park EH, Chae JH, Park SK, Kim HT, Choi
JS.
Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006
Jul;30(5):960-2. Epub 2006 Apr 24. Links
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in a patient suffering from
comorbid depression and panic disorder following a myocardial
infarction.
Sakkas P, Psarros C, Papadimitriou GN, Theleritis CG, Soldatos CR.
Athens University Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Eginitio
Hospital, 74 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 11528, Greece
Pain Med. 2006 Mar-Apr;7(2):115-8.
Slow-frequency
rTMS reduces fibromyalgia pain.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, W11A, Mayo Clinic, 200 First
Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
OBJECTIVE: Evidence suggests that fibromyalgia (FM) is a centrally mediated pain disorder. Antidepressants, including electroconvulsive therapy, provide some symptomatic relief in FM and other pain disorders. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a new antidepressant treatment, which may also be useful in treating chronic pain. RESULTS: Pretreatment pain averaged 8.2 (7-9.5) and reduced to 1.5 (0-3.5) after treatment (P < 0.009). All had improvement in pain, and two had complete resolution of pain.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2006
Jul;30(5):960-2.
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in a patient suffering from
comorbid depression and panic disorder following a myocardial
infarction.
Athens University Medical School, Psychiatry Department, Eginitio
Hospital, 74 Vas. Sofias Avenue, Athens 11528, Greece.
J Affect Disord. 2006 Jun 14;
Effects
of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on [(11)C]raclopride
binding and cognitive function in
patients with depression.Section of
Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and
Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Molecular Neuroimaging,
Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences,
Chiba, Japan.
BACKGROUND: Several studies have demonstrated that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) elicits moderate antidepressant effects. Several previous studies suggested that the dopaminergic system might be related to this therapeutic action of rTMS. We attempted to determine the effects of chronic rTMS on central dopaminergic function in depression. RESULTS: In five patients, the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) significantly decreased. Patients showed significant improvement in verbal memory following rTMS. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that rTMS may be effective for the treatment of depression and also may improve verbal memory function.
J Psychiatr Res. 2006 Jun;40(4):307-14. Epub 2005 Nov 2.
Striatal
dopamine release after prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation in major depression: preliminary results of a dynamic
[123I] IBZM SPECT study. Department of
Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Nussbaumstr. 7, D-80336
Munich, Germany.
Though there is considerable evidence that prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) exerts antidepressant effects, the neurobiological action of rTMS in patients with depression is poorly understood. Preclinical studies in animals and humans have demonstrated that prefrontal rTMS can induce dopamine release in mesostriatal and mesolimbic regions. We therefore investigated whether rTMS also modulates striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission in depressed patients. In this preliminary study, the reduction of IBZM binding observed after rTMS challenge is suggestive of a release in endogenous dopamine induced by prefrontal rTMS. In future, this approach can be used to differentiate specific and non-specific reward-related effects of rTMS on dopaminergic neurotransmission.
Australas Psychiatry. 2006 Mar;14(1):81-5.
Transcranial
magnetic stimulation in adolescent depression. School
of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Australia. OBJECTIVE:
There are few safe and effective biological treatments for major
depression in adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation shows early promise as a treatment for major
depression in adolescents. Well-designed, sham-controlled studies are
now indicated to test the efficacy and safety of rTMS in these patients.
J Affect Disord. 2006 Mar;91(1):83-6.
Effect
of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on serum brain derived
neurotrophic factor in drug resistant depressed patients.
"S. Giovanni di Dio", Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy. BACKGROUND: Depression has been associated with low brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels, while antidepressant drugs appear to mend this alteration. The purpose of this study was to assess BDNF serum levels in drug resistant depressed patients before and after repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) antidepressant treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the relationship between decreased serum BDNF and depression symptomatology and suggest a normalizing effect of rTMS antidepressant treatment.
Psychiatry Res. 2006 Jan 30;141(1):1-13.
Effect
of low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation on an affective
go/no-go task in patients with major depression: role of stimulation
site and depression severity. Bermpohl F, Fregni F, Boggio PS, Thut
G, Northoff G, Otachi PT, Rigonatti SP, Marcolin MA, Pascual-Leone A.
Harvard Center for Non-invasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel
Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215,
USA. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) holds promise
as a therapeutic tool in major depression. However, a means to assess
the effects of a single rTMS session on mood to guide subsequent
sessions would be desirable. The present study examined the effects of
a single rTMS session on an affective go/no-go task known to measure
emotional-cognitive deficits associated with major depression. Ten
patients with an acute episode of unipolar major depression and eight
partially or completely remitted (improved) patients underwent 1 Hz
rTMS over the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex prior to
task performance. TMS over the mesial occipital cortex was used as a
control. We observed significantly improved performance in depressed
patients following right prefrontal rTMS. This beneficial effect
declined with decreasing depression severity.
Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):88-94.
A
randomized, controlled trial of sequential bilateral repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression.
Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, the Alfred and Monash University Department of Psychological Medicine, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The authors evaluated sequentially combined high-frequency left-side rTMS and low-frequency rTMS to the right prefrontal cortex for treatment-resistant depression. METHOD: The authors conducted a 6-week double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial in 50 patients with treatment-resistant depression. Three trains of low-frequency rTMS to the right prefrontal cortex of 140 seconds' duration at 1 Hz were applied daily, followed immediately by 15 trains of 5 seconds' duration of high-frequency left-side rTMS at 10 Hz. RESULTS: There was a significantly greater response to active than sham stimulation at 2 weeks and across the full duration of the study. CONCLUSIONS: Sequentially applying both high-frequency left-side rTMS and low-frequency rTMS to the right prefrontal cortex, has substantial treatment efficacy in patients with treatment-resistant major depression. The treatment response accumulates to a clinically meaningful level over 4 to 6 weeks of active treatment.
Biol Psychiatry. 2006 Jan 15;59(2):187-94.
A
controlled study of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in
medication-resistant major depression. Avery DH, Holtzheimer PE
3rd, Fawaz W, Russo J, Neumaier J, Dunner DL, Haynor DR, Claypoole KH,
Wajdik C, Roy-Byrne P. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral
Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Harborview
Medical Center, Seattle, 98104-2499, USA. BACKGROUND: Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) as a treatment for depression
has shown statistically significant effects, but the clinical
significance of these effects has been questioned. METHODS: Each
session consisted of 32 trains of 10 Hz repetitive TMS delivered in
5-second trains. RESULTS: The response rate for the TMS group was 30.6%
(11/35), significantly (p = .008) greater than the 6.1% (2/33) rate in
the sham group. The remission rate for the TMS group was 20% (7/35),
significantly (p = .033) greater than the 3% (1/33) rate in the sham
group. CONCLUSIONS: Transcranial magnetic stimulation can produce
statistically and clinically significant antidepressant effects in
patients with medication-resistant major depression.
Psychiatry Res. 2006 Jan 30;146(1):53-7.
High
(20-Hz) and low (1-Hz) frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation as
adjuvant treatment in medication-resistant depression. Psychiatric
Unit, Hospital Son Llatzer, Cc/Ctra Manacor Km 4, Palma de Mallorca,
Spain.
Studies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in depression have found antidepressant effects when high frequency stimulation (HF-rTMS; >1 Hz) is applied over the left prefrontal cortex (LPF). A few studies have also reported success with low frequency stimulation (LF-rTMS) to the right prefrontal cortex (RPF). Both HF-rTMS and LF-rTMS have been reported to work better in areas with cerebral hypometabolism or hypermetabolism, respectively. Thirty medication-resistant patients with major depression were randomized into three groups. Comparison of the sham rTMS group with the overall group that received active rTMS revealed statistically significant changes on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression after 10 sessions. This study demonstrated that combined 20+1-Hz rTMS was effective.
Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol
Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;30(1):126-30.
A
double-blind sham controlled study of right prefrontal repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): therapeutic and cognitive
effect in medication free unipolar depression during 4 weeks. Unite
de recherche clinique, EPS de Ville Evrard a Saint Denis, G03, 5 Rue du
Dr Delafontaine 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
BACKGROUND: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has become a therapeutic tool in psychiatric diseases. METHODOLOGY: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of TMS in unipolar depression: the percentage of responders (>50% HDRS reduction) and remission (HDRS score < or =8, after four weeks of active TMS treatment in depressed patients free of any antidepressive agent versus placebo-TMS. RESULTS: ANOVA comparison between TMS and sham groups was significant at day 14 and day 28 (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Our study has shown an efficacy of right rTMS in free medication unipolar depression over a month. Nevertheless, number of patients included is limited and multicentric studies will be necessary to specify the antidepressive action of TMS.
J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Dec;66(12):1524-8.
Long-term
maintenance therapy for major depressive disorder with rTMS.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Ste. 4005, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. OBJECTIVE: There is growing evidence to support the short-term antidepressant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), but few published data pertain to the maintenance treatment of patients with DSM-IV-diagnosed major depressive disorder who have responded acutely to rTMS. We describe long-term maintenance therapy for major depressive disorder with rTMS. METHOD: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was applied in 10 adults over the left prefrontal cortex at 100% of motor threshold, most often at a frequency of 10 Hz for sessions consisting of 40 trains at 5 seconds per train (2000 pulses per session), for periods ranging from 6 months to 6 years. Session frequency averaged 1 to 2 per week. The study was conducted in the TMS lab of an academic medical center. RESULTS: Seven of the 10 subjects experienced either marked or moderate benefit, which was sustained without the addition of concomitant antidepressant medication in 3 cases. There were no serious adverse events reported by any participant. The seizure rate for the 1831 reported rTMS sessions was zero. CONCLUSIONS: These data, while open label, suggest that maintenance rTMS may be a safe and effective treatment modality in some patients with unipolar depression. Further research into the long-term safety and efficacy of rTMS is warranted.
Cogn Behav Neurol. 2005 Dec;18(4):223-7.
The
effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on
procedural memory and dysphoric mood in patients with major depressive
disorder. Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of depression and treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on sequence learning. CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest that rTMS over a 2-week period improves performance on tasks of response speed and procedural memory in patients with MDD. These cognitive effects are greater in those patients who showed a significant antidepressant effect.
Psychiatry Res. 2005 Nov 15;137(1-2):1-10.
Transcranial
magnetic stimulation in treatment-resistant depressed patients: a
double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Vita-Salute University, San Raffaele Hospital, via Stamira d'Ancona 20, Milan 20127, This 5-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of Fifty-four patients were randomly assigned to receive 10 daily applications of either real or sham rTMS. Subjects assigned to receive active stimulation were divided into two further subgroups according to the intensity of stimulation: 80% vs. 100% of motor threshold (MT).Response rates were 61.1% (n=11), 27.8% (n=5) and 6.2% (n=1) for 100% MT group, 80% MT group and sham group. Treatment response appeared to be unrelated to the demographic and clinical characteristics recorded, and on the whole the technique was well tolerated. The results of this double-blind trial showed that rTMS may be a useful and safe adjunctive treatment for drug-resistant depressed patients.
Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2005 Jul-Sep;17(3):153-9.
Low
frequency rTMS stimulation of the right frontal cortex is as effective
as high frequency rTMS stimulation of the left frontal cortex for
antidepressant-free, treatment-resistant depressed patients.
Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St.
Louis, MO 63110, USA. BACKGROUND: Repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS) is a promising relatively non-invasive alternative
for the treatment of depression. The purpose of this study was to
compare the apparent effectiveness of high frequency (20 Hertz) rTMS
applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) with that
of low frequency (1 Hz) rTMS applied over the right The treatment
response rate found (32%) was typical of other response rates reported
in the literature (6,30). One-month follow-up data was obtained from
50% of participants. At 1-month follow-up, no significant differences
were noted as compared to patients' performance at last visit,
indicating moderate robustness of rTMS treatment over time.
Furthermore, magnetic stimulation did not substantially alter patient
memory over the course of treatment. CONCLUSION: rTMS given at low
frequency over the right frontal cortex appears to be as effective
treatment of refractory depression as high frequency treatment over the
left frontal cortex.
Harvard Gazette January 22, 2004
Depressed
Get Lift from MRI
William J. Cromie
Harvard N PMID: 16633208 [PubMed - in process]ews Office
Biomed Sci Instrum. 2003;39:466-70.
Autoradiographic
evaluation of electromagnetic field effects on serotonin (5HT1A)
receptors in rat brain.
Johnson MT, McCullough J, Nindl G, Chamberlain JK.
Terre Haute Center for Medical Education, Indiana University School
of Medicine, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA.
Brain Cogn 2002 Dec;50(3):366-86
Transcranial
magnetic stimulation: Neurophysiological applications and safety.
Anand S, Hotson J.
Department of Biological Sciences, San Jose State University, One
Washington Square, 95192-0100, San Jose, CA, USA
Biol Psychiatry 2002 Dec 1;52(11):1057-65
Chronic
psychosocial stress and concomitant repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation: effects on stress hormone levels and adult hippocampal
neurogenesis.
Czeh B, Welt T, Fischer AK, Erhardt A, Schmitt W, Muller MB, Toschi
N, Fuchs E, Keck ME.
The German Primate Center, Division of Neurobiology, (BC, AKF, EF),
Gottingen, Germany
J ECT 2002 Dec;18(4):170-81
Mechanisms
and state of the art of transcranial magnetic stimulation.
George MS, Nahas Z, Kozel FA, Li X, Denslow S, Yamanaka K, Mishory
A, Foust MJ, Bohning DE.
Neuropsychopharmacology 2002
Oct;27(4):638-45
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in major depression: relation
between efficacy and stimulation intensity.
Padberg F, Zwanzger P, Keck ME, Kathmann N, Mikhaiel P, Ella R,
Rupprecht P, Thoma H, Hampel H, Toschi N, Moller HJ.
Department of Psychiatry, Ludwig-Maximilian University, Munich,
Germany
J Pharm Pharmacol 2002 Oct;54(10):1299-321
Melatonin:
reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs.
Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Lopez-Burillo S.
University of Texas Health Science Center, Department of Cellular
and Structural Biology, MC 7762, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX
78229-3900, USA.
Hum Psychopharmacol 2002 Oct;17(7):353-6
Combining
high and low frequencies in rTMS antidepressive treatment: preliminary
results.
Conca A, Di Pauli J, Beraus W, Hausmann A, Peschina W, Schneider H,
Konig P, Hinterhuber H.
Departments of Psychiatry I and II, Regional Hospital, 6830
Rankweil, Austria.
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002
Summer;14(3):270-6
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment of comorbid posttraumatic
stress disorder and major depression.
Rosenberg PB, Mehndiratta RB, Mehndiratta YP, Wamer A, Rosse RB,
Balish M.
Mental Health Service Line, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical
Center, Washington, DC 20422, USA.
Chang Gung Med J 2002 Jul;25(7):424-36
Transcranial
magnetic stimulation and its applications in children.
Lin KL, Pascual-Leone A.
Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115,
Neuropharmacology 2002 Jul;43(1):101-9
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the release of dopamine in
the mesolimbic and mesostriatal system.
Keck ME, Welt T, Muller MB, Erhardt A, Ohl F, Toschi N, Holsboer F,
Sillaber I.
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, 80804,
Munich, Germany.
Am J Psychiatry 2002 Jul;159(7):1093-102
Slow
transcranial magnetic stimulation, long-term depotentiation, and brain
hyperexcitability disorders.
Hoffman RE, Cavus I.
Yale-New Haven Psychiatric Hospital, Yale University School of
Medicine, LV 108, 20 York Street, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
Neurology 2002 Apr 23;58(8):1288-90
Improved
executive functioning following repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation.
Moser DJ, Jorge RE, Manes F, Paradiso S, Benjamin ML, Robinson RG.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa College of Medicine,
Iowa City, IA 52240, USA.
Biol Psychiatry 2002 Apr 15;51(8):659-67
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation versus electroconvulsive therapy for
major depression: preliminary results of a randomized trial.
Janicak PG, Dowd SM, Martis B, Alam D, Beedle D, Krasuski J, Strong
MJ, Sharma R, Rosen C, Viana M.
Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1601 W
Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
Biol Psychiatry 2002 Apr 15;51(8):687-90
Three
and six-month outcome following courses of either ECT or rTMS in a
population of severely depressed individuals--preliminary report.
Dannon PN, Dolberg OT, Schreiber S, Grunhaus L.
Psychiatry Division, ECT-TMS Unit, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, 52621
Tel Hashomer, Israel.
Encephale 2002 Mar-Apr;28(2):169-75
[Transcranial
magnetic stimulation in depression]
[Article in French]
Saba G, Januel D, Glikman J.
Psychiatre, assistant, Unite de Recherche clinique, Secteur III,
Service du docteur Glikman, EPS de Ville Evrard, 5, rue du Docteur
Delafontaine, 93200 Saint-Denis, France.
Life Sci 2002 Mar 1;70(15):1741-9
Sleep
deprivation in depression stabilizing antidepressant effects by
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation.
Eichhammer P, Kharraz A, Wiegand R, Langguth B, Frick U, Aigner JM,
Hajak G.
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of
Regensburg, Germany.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2002
Mar;5(1):73-103
Neuropsychiatric
applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation: a meta analysis.
Burt T, Lisanby SH, Sackeim HA.
Department of Biological Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric
Institute, New York, USA
Wien Klin Wochenschr 2002 Mar
28;114(5-6):181-6
[Transcranial
magnetic stimulation (TMS)--from diagnostic procedure to therapy]
[Article in German]
Quiner S, Letmaier M, Barnas C, Heiden A, Kasper S.
Universitatsklinik fur Neuropsychiatrie des Kindes- und
Jugendalters, Wien.
Srp Arh Celok Lek 2001
Sep-Oct;129(9-10):235-8
[Effect
of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in
patients with Parkinson 's disease]
[Article in Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic)]
Potrebic A, Dragasevic N, Svetel M, Kostic VS.
Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade.
Psychopharmacol Bull 2001
Autumn;35(4):149-69
A
meta-analysis of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the
treatment of depression.
Holtzheimer PE 3rd, Russo J, Avery DH.
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of
Washington Medical Center, Harborview Medical Center, 325 Ninth Avenue,
Box 359896, Seattle, WA 98104, USA.
J Psychiatr Res 2001 Jul-Aug;35(4):193-215
Transcranial
magnetic stimulation as a therapeutic tool in psychiatry: what do we
know about the neurobiological mechanisms?
Post A, Keck ME.
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstrasse 2-10, D-80804
Munich, Germany.
Clin Neurophysiol 2001 Aug;112(8):1367-77
Therapeutic
application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review.
Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH.
Brain Stimulation Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders
and Stroke, 10 Center Drive MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD 20892-1428, USA.
Biol Psychiatry 2001 Jul 1;50(1):22-7
Acute
mood and thyroid stimulating hormone effects of transcranial magnetic
stimulation in major depression.
Szuba MP, O'Reardon JP, Rai AS, Snyder-Kastenberg J, Amsterdam JD,
Gettes DR, Wassermann E, Evans DL.
University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Biol Psychiatry 2001 Jul 1;50(1):22-7
Acute
mood and thyroid stimulating hormone effects of transcranial magnetic
stimulation in major depression.
Szuba MP, O'Reardon JP, Rai AS, Snyder-Kastenberg J, Amsterdam JD,
Gettes DR, Wassermann E, Evans DL.
University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
Neuropsychopharmacology 2001
Apr;24(4):337-49
Neuroendocrine
and behavioral effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
in a psychopathological animal model are suggestive of
antidepressant-like effects.
Keck ME, Welt T, Post A, Muller MB, Toschi N, Wigger A, Landgraf R,
Holsboer F, Engelmann M.
Srp Arh Celok Lek 2001 Jan-Feb;129(1-2):1-4
[Effect
of slow repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in
patients with Parkinson disease]
[Article in Serbo-Croatian (Cyrillic)]
Potrebic A, Dragasevic N, Svetel M, Kostic VS.
Institute of Psychiatry, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade.
Neuropsychopharmacology 2000
Aug;23(2):205-15
Long-term
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increases the expression
of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cholecystokinin mRNA, but not
neuropeptide tyrosine mRNA in specific areas of rat brain.
Muller MB, Toschi N, Kresse AE, Post A, Keck ME.
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
J Psychiatr Res 2000 Jul-Oct;34(4-5):265-76
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation induces active coping strategies and
attenuates the neuroendocrine stress response in rats.
Keck ME, Engelmann M, Muller MB, Henniger MS, Hermann B, Rupprecht
R, Neumann ID, Toschi N, Landgraf R, Post A.
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 2-10, 80804,
Munich, Germany.
Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2000
Jun;3(2):129-134
Comparison
of unlimited numbers of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
and ECT treatment sessions in major depressive episode.
Pridmore S, Bruno R, Turnier-Shea Y, Reid P, Rybak M.
Ugeskr Laeger 2000 Apr 17;162(16):2310-3
[Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation. A method in the treatment of
depressions]
[Article in Danish]
Hansen PE.
Arhus Universitetshospital, Psykiatrisk Hospital i Arhus,
Forskningsafdeling for Affektive Sygdomme
Biol Psychiatry 2000 Feb 15;47(4):314-24
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation is as effective as electroconvulsive
therapy in the treatment of nondelusional major depressive disorder: an
open study.
Grunhaus L, Dannon PN, Schreiber S, Dolberg OH, Amiaz R, Ziv R,
Lefkifker E.
Psychiatry Division, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.
Biol Psychiatry 1999 Dec 15;46(12):1603-13
Frequency
dependence of antidepressant response to left prefrontal repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) as a function of baseline
cerebral glucose metabolism.
Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Dunn RT, Frye MA, Greenberg BD, Wassermann
EM, Repella JD, Danielson AL, Willis MW, Benson BE, Speer AM, Osuch E,
George MS, Post RM.
Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland, Psychiatry Department, University of Arkansas,
Little Rock, USA.
Eur J Neurosci 1999 Sep;11(9):3247-54
Repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation in rats: evidence for a
neuroprotective effect in vitro and in vivo.
Post A, Muller MB, Engelmann M, Keck ME.
Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany.
Biol Psychiatry 1999 Jun 1;45(11):1440-6
Effects
of left frontal transcranial magnetic stimulation on depressed mood,
cognition, and corticomotor threshold.
Triggs WJ, McCoy KJ, Greer R, Rossi F, Bowers D, Kortenkamp S,
Nadeau SE, Heilman KM, Goodman WK.
Human Motor Physiology Laboratory, University of Florida Health
Science Center, Gainesville 32610-0236, USA.
Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999 Apr;56(4):315-20
Therapeutic
efficacy of right prefrontal slow repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation in major depression: a double-blind controlled study.
Klein E, Kreinin I, Chistyakov A, Koren D, Mecz L, Marmur S,
Ben-Shachar D, Feinsod M.
Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Technion-Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa.
J Clin Psychiatry 1999 Jan;60(1):50-2
Safety
and feasibility of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in the
treatment of anxious depression in pregnancy: a case report.
Nahas Z, Bohning DE, Molloy MA, Oustz JA, Risch SC, George MS.
Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of South Carolina,
Charleston 29425, USA.
Depress Anxiety 1998;7(2):65-8
Preliminary
evidence for a beneficial effect of low-frequency, repetitive
transcranial magnetic stimulation in patients with major depression and
schizophrenia.
Feinsod M, Kreinin B, Chistyakov A, Klein E.
Department of Psychiatry, Rambam Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
Am J Psychiatry 1997 Dec;154(12):1752-6
Mood
improvement following daily left prefrontal repetitive transcranial
magnetic stimulation in patients with depression: a placebo-controlled
crossover trial.
George MS, Wassermann EM, Kimbrell TA, Little JT, Williams WE,
Danielson AL, Greenberg BD, Hallett M, Post RM.
Biological Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1997 Apr;31(2):264-72
Transcranial
magnetic stimulation as therapy for depression and other disorders.
Kirkcaldie MT, Pridmore SA, Pascual-Leone A.
Department of Anatomy and Physiology, University of Tasmania,
Hobart, Australia.
Lancet 1996 Jul 27;348(9022):233-7
Rapid-rate
transcranial magnetic stimulation of left dorsolateral prefrontal
cortex in drug-resistant depression.
Pascual-Leone A, Rubio B, Pallardo F, Catala MD.
Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidad de Valencia, Spain.
Neuroreport 1995 Oct 2;6(14):1853-6
Daily
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) improves mood in
depression.
George MS, Wassermann EM, Williams WA, Callahan A, Ketter TA, Basser
P, Hallett M, Post RM.
Biological Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health,
Charleston, SC, USA.
Arch Med Res 1995 Summer;26(2):185-9
The
influence of pulsed electrical stimulation on the wound healing of
burned rat skin.
Castillo E, Sumano H, Fortoul TI, Zepeda A.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Veterinary
Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico, D.F.