ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND THERE EFFECT ON ANIMAL
BEHAVIOR AND HORMONES; A RESEARCH BIBLIOGRAPHY

When reviewing the research bibliography below,  keep in mind that the studies are testing a wide range of pulsed electromagnetic frequencies.  It is VERY IMPORTANT that the reader differentiate between effects of frequencies below 15 Hz (low Beta or lower brainwave state = NO STRESS) and those above 15 Hz ( mid Beta brainwave state and higher = LOW STRESS TO CONSIDERABLE STRESS.

Due to a lack of understanding of "entrainment" or frequency following response (FFR) nearly every other PEMF system is designed with all or most programs above the 15 Hz threshold. It's a good thing they limit the use to 15 or 20 minutes at a time.

However, the "sweet" spot for physiological healing is 10 Hz, plain and simple, proved by the Eastern European researchers in the 1970's and 1980's. Therefore it makes no sense whatsoever to use higher frequency than that for physiological healing effects. While most PEMF (on up to radio-frequency)  devices show beneficial cellular healing response (read that as a testament to Energetic Healing machines in general) those studies are not testing endocrine system effect as most of the studies below.

The bibliography below is the only one of its kind. I tried to replicate the search results on MANY occasions and came up blank MANY times for the last couple of years. Low and behold, I found the search results below saved in an external hard rive and decided to make it available to those who want to learn as much as they can about the "field" and the frequency specific effects.

Kind regards, Paul F. Becker
________________________________
Paul F. Becker  Esq., Managing Member & Product Developer
EarthPulse™ Technologies, LLC
Sleep on Command™ BioMagnetic Supplementation for
Advanced Human Performance Enhancement.
Sleep Your Way to Better Health™
mailto:paulbecker@earthpulse.net

1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links
    [Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity]
    [Article in Russian]

    Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.

    National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia.

    Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the "open-field" test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system.

1: Georgian Med News. 2006 Nov;(140):91-3.Links
    [Influence of the chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field on rats under interrupted and continuous action of EMF]
    [Article in Russian]

    Tamasidze A G .

    The aim of the study was the investigation of chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field in the rats under interrupted or continuous action of electric magnetic field. We were studying their behavior by the method of "open field". Comparison of behavior of rats in the "open field" has shown that the significant difference in the emotional activity of rats was stated. The number of boluses and urination in rats of B group is 4,5 times more than in the individuals of C group (p<0,001), but the significant difference between the rats of control A and B groups has not been stated. Although, the number of boluses in the rats of B group was a little raised, this raise was not statistically significant (p<0,5). The rats of control A and C groups significantly distinguished from one another. The number of boluses and urination in the animals of C group was significantly lower (p<0,001). In that way, the rats which were under the discontinuous action of electromagnetic field were distinguished by high emotionality, which occur by increase of boluses and urination, the high number grooming behavior and increase of the number of translocation, that influences the functioning of hypothalamohypophysial system.

1: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Nov-Dec;40(6):693-5.  

[Influence of electromagnetic fields on the emotional behaviour of rats]

[Article in Russian]

Semenova TP, Medvinskaia NI, Bliskovka GI, Akoev IG.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
region, 142290 Russia. tsemenova@venus.iteb.serpukhov.su

The effects of ultra low power pulse-width + modulation electromagnetic
radiation (EMR, power density 10 mc/Wt/cm2, carrying frequency 915 MHz,
modulating pulses with frequency 4, 6, 16 and 20 Hz, duration 10 min) on the rat
emotional behavior and motor activity in the elevated plus-maze were studied. It
was established that EMR (frequency of modulation 4 and 6 Hz) significantly
decreased the emotionally negative reactions of anxiety and fear by a factor of
3.7 (p < 0.01) and 4.5 (p < 0.01) correspondingly and increased by a factor of
1.9-2.2 (p < 0.05) exploratory activity. On the contrary EMR (frequency of
modulation 20 Hz) significantly increased by a factor of (p < 0.05) emotionally
negative reactions of anxiety and fear and decreased by a factor of 1.8 (p <
0.05) the exploratory activity in rats.

PMID: 11155339 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links
    [Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity]
    [Article in Russian]

    Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.

    National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia.

    Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the "open-field" test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system.

2: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2000 Jul-Aug;40(4):429-32.  

1: Georgian Med News. 2006 Nov;(140):91-3.Links
    [Influence of the chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field on rats under interrupted and continuous action of EMF]
    [Article in Russian]

    Tamasidze A G .

    The aim of the study was the investigation of chronic exposure to network frequency electromagnetic field in the rats under interrupted or continuous action of electric magnetic field. We were studying their behavior by the method of "open field". Comparison of behavior of rats in the "open field" has shown that the significant difference in the emotional activity of rats was stated. The number of boluses and urination in rats of B group is 4,5 times more than in the individuals of C group (p<0,001), but the significant difference between the rats of control A and B groups has not been stated. Although, the number of boluses in the rats of B group was a little raised, this raise was not statistically significant (p<0,5). The rats of control A and C groups significantly distinguished from one another. The number of boluses and urination in the animals of C group was significantly lower (p<0,001). In that way, the rats which were under the discontinuous action of electromagnetic field were distinguished by high emotionality, which occur by increase of boluses and urination, the high number grooming behavior and increase of the number of translocation, that influences the functioning of hypothalamohypophysial system.

[The effect of electromagnetic radiation on the monoamine oxidase A activity in
the rat brain]

[Article in Russian]

Dolgacheva LP, Semenova TP, Abzhalelov BB, Akoev IG.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
oblast, Russia. dolgacheva@hotmail.com

The effect of the ultralow power pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation (EMR,
power density 10 microW/cm2; carrying frequency 915 MHz; modulating pulses with
frequency 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16 and 20 Hz) on activity of monoamine oxidase
(MAO-A), enzyme involved in the oxidative deamination of monoamines, was
investigated. It was established that the increase of activity MAO in
hypothalamus reached the maximal meaning at modulation frequency of 6 Hz that
corresponded 160% (p < 0.01) of the control level; and at modulation frequency
of 20 Hz the decrease of enzyme activity up to 74% (p < 0.01) was found. Mainly
the action of ultralow power pulse-modulated EMR on activity of MAO in hippocamp
was activating; and the maximal increase of enzyme activity up to 174% (p <
0.01) was registered at modulation frequency of 4 Hz.

PMID: 11031490 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.Links
    [Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the ultralow intensity]
    [Article in Russian]

    Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.

    National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow, Russia.

    Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the locomotor and exploratory activity in the "open-field" test. The species- and age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However, decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect. Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes, i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic system.

3: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1998 Nov-Dec;28(6):686-93.  

Action of modulated electromagnetic fields on the emotional component of the
systems organization of behavioral acts in rats.

Sudakov KV.

P. K. Anokhin Science Research Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Academy
of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia.

This article reviews experimental data providing evidence on the effects of
modulated electromagnetic fields of 30-120 V/m with a carrier frequency of 30
MHz modulated sinusoidally at frequencies of 2-50 Hz on the emotional responses
accompanying various stages in the systems organization of behavior in rats. The
blocking effects of fields were demonstrated in self-stimulation models in
different types of conditioned reflex behavior, as well as during extinction of
conditioned reflex responses in individual conditions and emotional intercourse.
It is suggested that modulated electromagnetic fields which have information
effects on the body act on the information component of behavior, i.e., emotion.

PMID: 9850964 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



4: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 May-Jun;51(3):373-7.  

[Modulation by ultralow intensity electromagnetic fields on pharmacologic
effects of psychotropic drugs]

[Article in Russian]

Shtemberg AS, Bazian AS, Shikhov SN, Cherniakov GM, Uzbekov MG.

National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Institute
of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Research Institute of Psychiatry, Russian Ministry of Public Health, Moscow.

The ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of 4200, modulated
by a quasistochastic signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density of 15
microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) potentiated the
hypnogenic effect of hexenal. The exposure to the EMF shortened the time of
falling asleep induced by this drug and increased sleep duration in rats. The
exposure to the EMF also potentiated haloperidol catalepsy: it decreased the
drug threshold dose and increased the catalepsy duration. The EMF influence on
the haloperidol effects was of a prolonged character: it was manifest in a
selected suppression of the emotional excitation in the open-field test within
24 hours after the exposure.

PMID: 11550647 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



5: Bioelectromagnetics. 1993;14(4):287-97.  

Behavioral effects of long-term exposure to magnetic fields in rats.

Trzeciak HI, Grzesik J, Bortel M, Kuska R, Duda D, Michnik J, Malecki A.

Department of Pharmacology, Silesian Academy of Medicine, Katowice, Poland.

Male rats and pregnant and nonpregnant female rats of the Wistar strain were
sham-exposed or exposed to static (0.49 T) or to extremely low frequency (50 Hz)
magnetic fields (0.018 T) 2 h per day for 20 consecutive days. Measures of
irritability, exploratory activity, and locomotion were made in that order
before and after the 4th, 10th, and 17th 2-h exposures. A reliable decrease in
the irritability of rats after repeated exposure to a static or undulating field
was found. No significant effects of treatment conditions on open-field behavior
and locomotor activity were observed. Pregnancy had no influence on the
behavioral end points. These results indicate that irritability of rats may be
used as a simple behavioral indicant of mammalian sensitivity to magnetic
fields.

PMID: 8216385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



6: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):867-77.  

[The neurotropic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in rats with
different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity]

[Article in Russian]

Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.

National Research Center, Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow.

The effects of the ultralow-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF, frequency of
4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic signal in the range of
20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body absorption rate up to
4.5 mJ/kg) on the reactions of the central nervous system (CNS) of rats with
different types of behavior were studied. Some neurochemical and behavioral
mechanisms of rats' reactions were investigated. It was shown that the EMF
produce pronounced changes in the state and activity of monoaminergic brain
systems. These changes, on the whole, correspond to the alterations at the
integrative level (predominantly, of the inhibitory character).

PMID: 11085002 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



7: Aviakosm Ekolog Med. 1997;31(5):70-5.  

[Combined effect of hypokinesia of various duration and gamma-radiation on
central nervous system activity in rats]

[Article in Russian]

Shtemberg AS.

State Research Center "Institute of Medical Biological Problems", RF.

There studied the effects of a combined effect of hypokinesia (HK) of various
duration (7 and 30 days, corresponding to the stages of anxiety and resistance
of general adaptation syndrome) and gamma-radiation dose of 3 Gy on the
formation of differentiated motor-drinking conditioned reflex (CR) in the rats.
It is demonstrated that the applied exposures lead to the various disorders of
the higher nervous activity of the test animals: after 7-day hypokinesia in the
behaviour there prevail the fear and emotional-vegetative components whereas
following 30-day hypokinetic exposure there occurs some stimulation of the
orientation-exploratory behaviour with concurrent enhancement of the inertness
of nervous processes and the tendency to formation of stringent behavioural
stereotypes slowing-down the conditioned reflex formation. A modifying effect of
radiation counts only after 30-day hypokinesia and consists in the development
of extra-limited inhibition (reaction of acquired helplessness) in the part of
animals.

PMID: 9508401 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



8: Folia Med (Plovdiv). 1999;41(3):75-80.  

Effects of low-intensity electromagnetic fields on behavioral activity of rats.

Kemerov S, Marinkev M, Getova D.

Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Higher Medical Institute,
Plovdiv, Bulgaria.

The present study aimed at comparative assessment of the changes in behavioral
activity of rats after exposing them to low intensity electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) in the meter, decimeter and centimeter ranges. The experiments were
carried out on 24 Wistar rats divided into 4 groups (1 control and 3
experimental), treated with different EMFs. The rats were irradiated on the head
area at power density of 10 mW/cm2. Using a conventional shuttle box, the
conditioned and non-conditioned responses and spontaneous motor activity of the
rats were studied. The results suggest that exposure to EMFs in the three ranges
can slow down the formation of conditioned responses--this was clearly marked in
the rats exposed to meter EMFs, whereas the effects of centimeter EMFs were
delayed in time. The behavioral effects were mild at athermal dosages and the
animals adapted easily to exposure conditions. This study shows that
determination of the effects of different EMFs should be done for each of the
ranges separately; determination of the exact dosage of the electromagnetic
fields can help to avoid their negative biological effects.

PMID: 10658372 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



9: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Jul-Aug;50(4):703-15.  

[Species specificity, age factors, and various neurochemical correlates of the
animal spontaneous behavior after exposure to electromagnetic field of the
ultralow intensity]

[Article in Russian]

Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazian AS, Cherniakov GM.

National Research Center Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Moscow,
Russia.

Behavioral and neurochemical reactions of small laboratory animals (mice and
rats of different age) under exposure to ultralow-intensity electromagnetic
fields (EMF, frequency of 4200 and 970 MHz, modulated by a quasistochastic
signal in the range of 20-20,000 Hz, power density 15 microW/cm2, specific body
absorption rate up to 4.5 mJ/kg) were studied. The EMF basically inhibited the
locomotor and exploratory activity in the "open-field" test. The species- and
age-specific features rather than radiation conditions dominated. However,
decrease in the EMF frequency considerably intensified the observed effect.
Change in animal behavior was accompanied by shifts in neurochemical processes,
i.e., sharp activation of serotoninergic and inhibition of morepinephrinergic
system.

PMID: 10984915 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



10: Gig Sanit. 1987 Jul;(7):26-9.  

[Hygienic evaluation of electromagnetic fields in the 17-cm range based on
research data on behavioral reactions]

[Article in Russian]

Dumanskii IuD, Zotov SV.

PMID: 3666487 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



11: Radiobiologiia. 1990 May-Jun;30(3):395-9.  

[The effect of an SHF field on the dopamine-dependent behavior of rats]

[Article in Russian]

Andreeva LA, Konovalov VF.

A study was made of the influence of SHF radiation (8 mW/cm2, carrier frequency
0.88 Hz, modulation frequency 16 Hz) on rotation of rats induced by apomorphine.
A single exposure within an hour was shown to inhibit apomorphine-induced
rotation by 21%. Daily one-hour exposure within 5 days caused a more pronounced
inhibition of test-response. Different individual sensitivity to SHF radiation
was noted.

PMID: 2371398 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



12: Bioelectromagnetics. 1999 Sep;20(6):378-86.  

Influence of combined DC and AC magnetic fields on rat behavior.

Zhadin MN, Deryugina ON, Pisachenko TM.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Moscow Region, Russia. zhadin@online.stack.net

The action of combined parallel static (DC) and alternating (AC) magnetic fields
at the cyclotron frequencies for different biologically active ions,
specifically, calcium, sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium and lithium, on
rat behavior in the "open field" were investigated. It was shown that the DC and
AC fields at the calcium cyclotron frequency lower the locomotor and exploratory
activity of the rats, whereas action of the fields at the magnesium cyclotron
frequency enhances these forms of behavioral activity. The effects were
qualitatively alike at the weak (50 microT) and relatively strong (500 microT)
DC fields with proportional changes in the frequencies and amplitudes of the AC
fields. Statistically significant effects of cyclotron frequencies for other
ions studied were not observed. Copyright 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

PMID: 10453066 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



13: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1993 Nov-Dec;33(6):783-9.  

[Radiation-induced changes of circadian dynamics in the behavioral reactions of
rats in the "open field"]

[Article in Russian]

Davydova OE.

The interaction of daily motor activity rythm within daily changes of early
transient neurological disorders (ENTD) symptoms has been evaluated. The highest
frequency of five ENTD symptoms was mainly observed in that daily periods when
behavior reactions were minimal. A difference was distinguished in circadian
radiosensitivity of some behavior reactions in "open field" (gamma-irradiation
60Co, 62.5 Gy). The most radiosensitive ENTD symptoms were "vertical set",
"immobility" and "motion on the spot", characterized emotional state and
orienting-locomotor animal reactions. Certain changes of orto- and paraphases of
these behavior reactions biorythms due to irradiation have been revealed.

PMID: 8293103 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



14: Radiat Res. 1995 Jul;143(1):93-7.  

Lack of behavioral effects in non-human primates after exposure to ultrawideband
electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range.

Sherry CJ, Blick DW, Walters TJ, Brown GC, Murphy MR.

Systems Research Laboratories, Armstrong Laboratory, Brooks Air Force Base,
Texas 78235, USA.

The effect of acute exposure to ultrawideband (UWB) electromagnetic radiation on
the Primate Equilibrium Platform (PEP) task, where the monkey's task is to
manipulate a joystick control to compensate for the random perturbations in the
pitch plane that are generated by a computer at unpredictable intervals, was
examined. The duration of the UWB exposure was 2 min at a pulse repetition rate
of 60 Hz (total of 7200 pulses). The bandwidth of the pulse was 100 MHz to 1.5
GHz (peak power between 250-500 MHz) with a peak E-field strength of 250 kV/m.
Each monkey was exposed twice. The interval between exposures was 6 days. The
exposure to UWB electromagnetic radiation had no effect on PEP performance when
tested immediately after exposure.

PMID: 7597150 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



15: Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1995 Apr;81(4):21-31.  

[The physiological mechanisms of the regulation of zoosocial behavior in rats
exposed to low-frequency electromagnetic fields]

[Article in Russian]

Sidiakin VG, Stashkov AM, Ianova NP, Chemodanova MA, Shumilina KA, Kirillova AV.

The infraslow frequency electromagnetic fields were shown to affect social
activity in rats: the changes induced by territorial priority and isolation were
eliminated, an interaction between the motor activity and the social status
appeared. The monoaminergic system of the rat brain seems to take part in
physiological mechanisms of regulation of the zoosocial behaviour according to
changes in ambient conditions.

PMID: 7581573 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



16: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1995 Nov;210(2):171-9.  

Effects of prenatal ultrasound exposure on adult offspring behavior in the
Wistar rat.

Jensh RP, Lewin PA, Poczobutt MT, Goldberg BB, Oler J, Goldman M, Brent RL.

Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania 19107, USA.

An ultrasound exposure tank was specifically designed for experimental
bioeffects studies. Thirty-six pregnant rats were anesthetized, immersed to the
axilla in a water tank, and exposed on Day 15, 17, and 19 of gestation. Twelve
rats were exposed to 5.0 MHz pulsed ultrasound of effective pulse duration equal
to approximately 0.170 microseconds, pulse repetition rate (PRF) 1 kHz, and a
spatial peak, temporal peak intensity (lsptp) of 500 W/cm2, representing a
clinically appropriate exposure level. The spatial peak pulse average (lsppa),
spatial peak temporal average (lspta), and instantaneous maximum (lm)
intensities were determined to be 100 W/cm2, 24 mW/cm2, and 230 W/cm2,
respectively. The maximum rarefraction pressure, pr, was measured as 12.5 x
10(5) Pa, and the total power was 2.5 mW. Twelve other rats were exposed to 1500
W/cm2, lsptp, and 12 were sham insonified. Since the focal area was about 0.05
cm2, computer controlled stepper motors moved the rats through the ultrasound
field to ensure uniform exposure of the abdominal/pelvic region. Total exposure
time was 35 min. A miniature thermocouple was implanted in a few rats to verify
that no significant temperature increase took place due to exposure. A total of
278 offspring were maintained until postnatal Day 60 when they were subjected to
two of four behavioral tests in random order within sexes. The results indicate
no consistently observed dose-related alterations in adult behavior due to
prenatal fetal exposure to 5.0 MHz ultrasound below an intensity (lsptp) of 1500
W/cm2.

PMID: 7568288 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



17: Biofizika. 2002 Jan-Feb;47(1):71-7.  

[Suppression of nonspecific resistance of the body under the effect of extremely
high frequency electromagnetic radiation of low intensity]

[Article in Russian]

Kolomytseva MP, Gapeev AB, Sadovnikov VB, Chemeris NK.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, 142290 Russia.

The dynamics of leukocyte number and functional activity of peripheral blood
neutrophils under whole-body exposure of healthy mice to low-intensity
extremely-high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR, 42.0 GHz, 0.15
mW/cm2, 20 min daily) was studied. It was shown that the phagocytic activity of
peripheral blood neutrophils was suppressed by about 50% (p < 0.01 as compared
with the sham-exposed control) in 2-3 h after the single exposure to EHF EMR.
The effect persisted for 1 day after the exposure, and then the phagocytic
activity of neutrophils returned to the norm within 3 days. A significant
modification of the leukocyte blood profile in mice exposed to EHF EMR for 5
days was observed after the cessation of exposures: the number of leukocytes
increased by 44% (p < 0.05 as compared with sham-exposed animals), mostly due to
an increase in the lymphocyte content. The supposition was made that EHF EMR
effects can be mediated via the metabolic systems of arachidonic acid and the
stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity, with subsequent increase in the
intracellular cAMP level. The results indicated that the whole-body exposure of
healthy mice to low-intensity EHF EMR has a profound effect on the indices of
nonspecific immunity.

PMID: 11855293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



18: Vrach Delo. 1991 Mar;(3):49-51.  

[The biological activity of a decameter-range electromagnetic field with a
frequency of 24 MHz]

[Article in Russian]

Bezdol'naia IS, Dumanskii IuD, Smolia AL.

A study of behavioural reactions indicates that the effect of 24 MHz frequencies
of the electromagnetic field results in changes of the ratio of excitatory and
inhibitory processes in the nervous system of white rats with prevalence of
inhibitory processes. By the 90-th day of effect of the above factor all changes
returned to the initial level. This indicates stability of the adaptative
reactions of the integrative level of the nervous system to the acting factor.

PMID: 2042349 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



19: Gig Sanit. 1991 May;(5):28-30.  

[Late sequelae of the effect of electromagnetic field on animals]

[Article in Russian]

Gromyko NM, Krivodaeva OL, Zemskova VV.

Simple and complex forms of behaviour, gas composition and acid-alkaline blood
status in rats following exposure to the electro-static field (ESF) and
iraionization, as well as in their offspring were studied. It has been found
out, that ESF combined with the negative polarity air ionization damage motor
and sex activity, conditioned-reflectory activity, changes blood indices. The
observed disturbances in the organism of parent animals influenced fetus
development.

PMID: 1916334 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



20: Ukr Biokhim Zh. 1979 Jan-Feb;51(1):14-7.  

[Effect of high frequency electromagnetic fields on the processes of
transamination in the liver and small intestine tissues of rats]

[Article in Russian]

Faitel-berg-Blank VR, Lekhan IG.

The influence of electromagnetic waves of metrical and centimetrical range on
the transaminoferases activity was studied in the liver and small intestine of
69 rats. The experiment shows that the activity of aspartate and alanine
aminotransferases is dependent on the power and duration of the action. It is
established that the action of both the short-wave 160 mA diathermy and 30
MW/cm2 microwaves for 20 min is accompanied by inhibition of the liver and small
intestine aminotransferases activity. The 20 min action of 12 MW/cm2 microwaves
induces an increase in the aminotransferases activity of the liver, small
intestine and serum.

PMID: 425131 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



21: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 1999 Dec;64(4):731-8.  

Factor analysis shows that female rat behaviour is characterized primarily by
activity, male rats are driven by sex and anxiety.

Fernandes C, Gonzalez MI, Wilson CA, File SE.

Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Neuroscience Research Centre, GKT School of
Biomedical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Campus, UK.

This experiment explored sex differences in behaviour using factor analysis to
describe the relationship between different behavioral variables. A principal
component solution with an orthogonal rotation of the factor matrix was used,
ensuring that the extracted factors are independent of one another, and thus
reflect separate processes. In the elevated plus-maze test of anxiety, in male
rats factor 1 accounted for 75% of the variance and reflected anxiety, factor 2
represented activity, and accounted for 24% of the variance. This contrasted
with the finding in female rats in which factor 1 was activity, accounting for
57% of the variance, with the anxiety factor accounting for only 34% of the
variance. When behaviour in both the plus-maze and holeboard were analysed, a
similar sex difference was found with anxiety emerging as factor 1 in males and
holeboard activity as factor 1 in females. Locomotor activity in the inner
portion of the holeboard loaded on the anxiety factor for males, but on activity
for females. When behaviours in the plus-maze and sexual orientation tests were
analysed, anxiety emerged as factor 1 in males, sexual preferences factor 2, and
activity factor 3. In females, activity was factor 1, sexual preference factor
2, anxiety factor 3, and social interest factor 4. These results suggest caution
should be exercised in interpreting the results from female rats in tests
validated on males because the primary controlling factor may be different.

PMID: 10593196 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



22: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1997 Sep;83(9):12-21.  

[The action of a modulated electromagnetic field on the emotional component of
the systemic organization of behavioral acts in rats]

[Article in Russian]

Sudakov KV.

Anokhin Institute of Normal Physiology, Russian Acad. Med. Sci., Moscow, Russia.

Experimental findings are reviewed in respect to the effect of modulated
electromagnetic field (MEMF) upon emotional responses of rats accompanying
various phases of systemic organisation of their behaviour. Blocking effects of
the MEMF are shown in simulated self-stimulation and various conditioned types
of behaviour in rats. In author's opinion, the MEMF affect the informative
component of behaviour: emotions.

PMID: 9487063 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



23: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2003 Jan-Feb;43(1):75-81.  

[Effects of microwave radiation on conditioned behavior of rats]

[Article in Russian]

Zhavoronkov LP, Kolganova OI, Dubovik BV, Matrenina VL, Posadskaia VM.

Medical Radiological Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences,
Obninsk, 249036 Russia.

Research has been carried out to investigate the effects of microwave exposure
(7 GHz, surface energy density 10-50 mW/cm2, SAR 2.1-10.5 W/kg) on learned
behaviors of rats in the paradigm of conditioned avoidance reflex. It was shown
that transitory reductions in conditioned behavior after acute microwave
exposure occurred at an SAR equal to the intensity of rat basal metabolism. It
was found cumulative effects for intermittent exposures of rats at a power
density of 10 mW/cm2.

PMID: 12677663 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



24: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jan-Feb;41(1):62-6.  

[Effect of low intensity pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation on activity
of alkaline phosphatase in blood serum]

[Article in Russian]

Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142292 Pushchino,
Moscow Region, 142292 Russia. Pashamar@rambler.ru

The change in alkaline phosphotase activity in vitro with frequencies modulation
at low intensity of pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation was experimentally
shown (EMR, 2375 MHz, intensity: 0.8, 8.0; 40.0 microW/cm2; range modulation:
30-310 Hz; time of interaction: 1-3 min). Revealed effects could be regarded as
an evidence of informative character of interaction of modulated EMR.

PMID: 11253703 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



25: Brain Res Bull. 2002 Jan 1;57(1):17-26.  

Learned fear, emotional reactivity and fear of heights: a factor analytic map
from a large F(2) intercross of Roman rat strains.

Aguilar R, Gil L, Flint J, Gray JA, Dawson GR, Driscoll P, Gimenez-Llort L,
Escorihuela RM, Fernandez-Teruel A, Tobena A.

Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, School
of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
raul.aguilar@uab.es

Anxiety-related behaviours were evaluated across various tests in a 800
F(2)-intercross of the Roman high- and low-avoidance inbred rats. These tests
either evoke unlearned (open field [OF]; plus-maze [PM]; hole-board [HB];
spontaneous activity [A]; and acoustic startle reflex [ASR]) or learned
(classical fear conditioning [CFC]; and shuttlebox avoidance conditioning
[SAC]), anxious/fearful responses. Using factor analysis (oblique rotation), we
obtained a six-fold solution with 14 variables derived from all tests. These six
factors represented SAC, CFC, PM anxiety, PM and OF activity, ASR anxiety, plus
a mixed whole of anxious and activity variables (from OF and A), respectively.
In searching for a smaller number of meaningful factors, we applied a
three-factor solution that coherently corresponded with differentiated facets of
fearfulness, rather than with the tests. Results showed that (1) measures of SAC
and CFC strongly loaded onto Factor 1, labelled as "Learned Fear"; (2) a blend
of almost all variables loaded onto Factor 2, called "Emotional Reactivity"; and
(3) open arm behaviour in the PM loaded onto Factor 3, called "Fear of Heights."
After discussing limitations of this apparently consistent behavioural map of
anxiety, we advance some connections between those factors with quantitative
trait loci candidates (genetic markers) as detected in the same sample.

PMID: 11827733 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



26: Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1995 Jan;29(1):41-3.  

[Effects of pregnant exposure to electromagnetic field emitted by electric
blankets on brain catecholamine and behavior in offspring mice]

[Article in Chinese]

Yao G, Fu Y, Lu D.

Microwave Laboratory, Zhejiang Medical University, Hangzhou.

NIH pregnant mice were exposed to electromagnetic field emitted by electric
blankets with 1-1.2kV/m and 0.2-0.4microT for five hours daily during their
whole gestational period. Catecholamine (CA) content in the hypothalamus of
their newborn offsprings was quantitatively measured with histochemical methods,
and their varied behavioral activities were determined with behavioral
toxicological methods. Results showed catecholamine content in exposed
offsprings decreased significantly not only seven days but also 40 days after
delivery as compared with the controls (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively).

PMID: 7600890 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



27: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2002 Mar-Apr;42(2):186-90.  

[Dependence of microwave effect on the secondary structure of DNA on molecular
weight of polynucleotide]

[Article in Russian]

Semin IuA, Shvartsburg LK, Zhavoronkov LP.

Medical Radiological Research Centre, Russian Academy of Medical Science,
Obninsk, 249036 Russia.

The effect of ultralow power pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation (average
power density 60 microW/cm2, carrying frequency 1.05; 2.12; or 2.39 GHz;
modulating pulses with frequency 4 Hz) on the secondary structure of DNA was
investigated. It was established that the exposure of beta-alanine and
formaldehyde containing aqueous DNA solution to electromagnetic radiation had
activated the process of DNA despiralization under the action of
beta-alanine--formaldehyde reaction product. The effect of electromagnetic
radiation on the secondary structure of DNA can be removed by lowering of
molecular weight of DNA to 0.46 x 10(6) (at carrying frequency 1.05 GHz), or to
0.25 x 10(3) (at carrying frequency 2.39 GHz).

PMID: 12004616 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



28: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2001 Sep-Oct;31(5):547-53.  

Some neurotropic effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves in rats with
different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity.

Shtemberg AS, Uzbekov MG, Shikhov SN, Bazyan AS, Chernyakov GM.

Institute of Medical-Biological Problems, State Scientific Center of the Russian
Federation, Moscow.

The effects of low-intensity electromagnetic waves (4200 MHz, modulated with
quasichaotic signals at 20-20,000 Hz, energy density 15 microW/cm2; specific
energy absorption not greater than 15 mJ/kg) on the neurochemical systems of the
brain and on behavioral reactions were studied in experimental animals with
different typological characteristics of higher nervous activity. These studies
showed that electromagnetic waves produced marked changes in the state and
activity of the monoaminergic mediator systems which were in general terms
concordant with changes at the integrative level (mostly selective inhibitory
effects). The nature of these processes depended to a significant extent on the
typological characteristics of the animals.

PMID: 11693480 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



29: Mutat Res. 1998 Apr;410(2):185-220.  

Animal and cellular studies on carcinogenic effects of low frequency (50/60-Hz)
magnetic fields.

Loscher W, Liburdy RP.

Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, School of Veterinary
Medicine, Hannover, Germany.

Publication Types:
    Review
    Review, Tutorial

PMID: 9637236 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



30: Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med. 1989 Jan-Feb;23(1):45-7.  

[Effect of a hypogeomagnetic field on warm-blooded animals]

[Article in Russian]

Levina RV, Smirnov RV, Olimpienko TS.

This paper presents the study of the effect of a 3-month exposure of adult male
rats of the Wistar strain to the hypogeomagnetic field (the shielding factor =
172.5) on their behavior, learning ability, cardiovascular function and work
capacity. It was found that the exposure led to a significant decrease of work
capacity, endurance and behavioral activity as well as to a significant increase
of heart rate and time of conditioned reflex development. The above changes
remained within physiological limits due to which they can be viewed as
adaptation variations.

PMID: 2709751 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



31: Life Sci. 2003 Apr 18;72(22):2489-98.  

Combined effects of complex magnetic fields and agmatine for contextual fear
learning deficits in rats.

McKay BE, Persinger MA.

Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, Laurentian University, Ontario, P3E 2C6,
Sudbury, Canada. bemckay@ucalgary.ca

Acute post-training exposures to weak intensity theta-burst stimulation (TBS)
patterned complex magnetic fields attenuated the magnitude of conditioned fear
learning for contextual stimuli. A similar learning impairment was evoked in a
linear and dose-dependent manner by pre-conditioning injections of the polyamine
agmatine. The present study examined the hypothesis that whole-body applications
of the TBS complex magnetic field pattern when co-administered with systemic
agmatine treatment may combine to evoke impairments in contextual fear learning.
Within minutes of 4 mg/kg agmatine injections, male Wistar rats were fear
conditioned to contextual stimuli and immediately exposed for 30 min to the TBS
patterned complex magnetic field or to sham conditions. TBS patterned complex
magnetic field treatment was found to linearly summate with the contextual fear
learning impairment evoked by agmatine treatment alone. Furthermore, we report
for sham-treated rats, but not rats exposed to the synthetic magnetic field
pattern, that the magnitude of learned fear decreased and the amount of
variability in learning increased, as the K-index (a measure of change in
intensity of the time-varying ambient geomagnetic field) increased during the
3-hr intervals over which conditioning and testing sessions were conducted.

PMID: 12650857 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



32: Behav Pharmacol. 1999 Mar;10(2):131-7.  

Effects of GABA-transporter (GAT) inhibitors on rat behaviour in open-field and
elevated plus-maze.

Schmitt U, Hiemke C.

Department of Psychiatry, University of Mainz, Germany.

The behavioural consequences of inhibition of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
uptake were studied. Two GABA uptake inhibitors, tiagabine and SKF 89976-A, were
administered to rats, and behaviour was analysed 30 min later in a standard open
field, an enriched open field, and an elevated plus-maze. Eight groups of
animals received either saline (0.9%), tiagabine, or SKF 89976-A. At a dose of
18.5 mg/kg, tiagabine, an established antiseizure drug, impaired motor
coordination, enhanced exploratory activity and reduced anxiety related
behaviour. SKF 89976-A exhibited minimal effects over the dose range tested.
These results indicate that inhibition of GABA uptake might be a pharmacological
strategy to treat not only epilepsy, but also anxiety disorders.

PMID: 10780826 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



33: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jul-Aug;41(4):403-7.  

[Effect of low-intensity electromagnetic fields of industrial frequency on the
ultrastructure and proliferative activity of rat's thymus cells]

[Article in Russian]

Zhitkevich TI, Bokut' TB, Netukova NI.

Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences, Minsk, 220072 Belarus.
biblio@fizio.bas-net.by

Effects of two types of low-intensity electromagnetic fields (EMF) of industrial
frequency (50 Hz) on the fine structure and proliferative activity of thymic
cells in white rats were studied. It was found that a weak EMF with a prevailing
electrical component (380-480 V/m, 120-140 nT1) did not affect the DNA synthesis
intensity. An EMF with a stronger magnetic induction (10-15 V/m, 800-1500 nT1)
diminished the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and proliferative
processes in cultured stimulated lymphocytes. Electron microscopic investigation
of the thymus after both types of exposure revealed an accumulation of
lymphocytes with pyknotic nuclei and electron-dense cytoplasm, as well as
hypoplasia of the vascular endothelium. At the same time, EMF with a prevailing
magnetic component produced a more marked negative effect on the ultrastructure
of thymic cells, which indicated a lowered secretory activity of epitheliocytes.

PMID: 11605242 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



34: Behav Brain Res. 2002 Jul 18;133(2):323-32.  

Emotional changes related to age in rats--a behavioral analysis.

Boguszewski P, Zagrodzka J.

Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3
Pasteur St., 02-093, Warsaw, Poland.

The present study investigated age-related differences in the emotional behavior
of rats using factor analysis to identify motivational factors influencing
spontaneous behavior in open field with illuminated center (OF), plus maze (EPM)
and social interactions test. Animals of the same strain, bred under the same
conditions, formed two experimental groups: young adults (YA, N=20) tested at
the age of 4 months and old rats (OA, N=16) tested at the age of 24 months. The
computer video based tracking system EthoVision was used for automated
acquisition and analysis of data. The results of each test were analyzed
separately for YA and OA by factor analysis. Two main independent factors
emerged from the analysis of OF measures-factor 1, which appeared to reflect
motor activity, and factor 2, reflecting anxiety. The measures best reflecting
motor activity (distance moved in the peripheral zone) and anxiety (time spent
in central zone) decreased significantly with age. Factor analysis for EPM
measures revealed, in both groups, three independent factors. In YA, factor 1
reflected motor activity, factor 2-anxiety, in OA measures of anxiety loaded on
factor 1, measures of activity on factor 2. Factor 3 in both groups appeared to
represent a decision making process. The number of entries to the closed arms
declined significantly in OA, showing an age related decrease of motor activity.
Also, the ratio of open arms entries in relation to the total number of entries
decreased in OA, indicating a higher anxiety level. Three independent factors
emerged from the analysis of social interaction measures. The pattern of factor
loading was different in young and old animals, although the number and time of
social interactions did not show age-related differences. In addition to a
decrease of motor activity we conclude that old rats also differ from young
animals in emotional and social behavior.

PMID: 12110466 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



35: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1995 Jun;66(6):562-7.  

No detectable bioeffects following acute exposure to high peak power ultra-wide
band electromagnetic radiation in rats.

Walters TJ, Mason PA, Sherry CJ, Steffen C, Merritt JH.

Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Brooks AFB, TX 78235, USA.

A wide range assessment of the possible bioeffects of an acute exposure to high
peak power ultra-wide band (UWB) electromagnetic radiation was performed in
rats. The UWB-exposure consisted of 2 min of pulsed (frequency: 60 Hz, pulse
width: 5-10 ns) UWB (bandwidth: 0.25-2.50 GHz) electromagnetic radiation. Rats
were examined using one of the following: 1) a functional observational battery
(FOB); 2) a swimming performance test; 3) a complete panel of blood chemistries;
or 4) determination of the expression of the c-fos protein in
immunohistologically-stained sections of the brain. No significant differences
were found between UWB- or sham-exposed rats on any of the measured parameters.

PMID: 7646407 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



36: Lab Anim. 1995 Oct;29(4):380-4.  

Effects of gentling on open-field behaviour of Wistar rats in fear-evoking test
situation.

Hirsjarvi P, Valiaho T.

University of Kuopio, Department of Applied Zoology, Finland.

The effect of individual gentling on open-field behaviour of adult male Wistar
rats was studied. Dark open-field evoked prey-like behaviour both in the gentled
and in the nonhandled rats. Escape activity dominated in both groups although
some habituation as a function of trials occurred. The effects of gentling were
mainly seen in the quality of the fear-reaction as a result of reduced fear of
human contact. Parameters that differentiated the 2 groups were middle field
ambulation, middle field rearing and passive motionlessness.

PMID: 8558819 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



37: Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1993 Apr;54(4):186-96.  

Biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields: in vivo
studies.

Anderson LE.

Bioelectromagnetics, Battelle, Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352.

This paper discusses the biological effects of exposure to extremely low
frequency electromagnetic fields observed in animal studies. Three areas of
investigation are reported: (1) studies on the nervous system, including
behavior and neuroendocrine function; (2) experiments on cancer development in
animals; and (3) measurements of currents and electric fields induced in animal
models by exposure to external magnetic fields. An attempt is made to evaluate
experimental results and interpret them with respect to potential health
implications.

Publication Types:
    Review
    Review, Tutorial

PMID: 8480634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



38: Sci Total Environ. 1996 Feb 2;180(1):35-42.  

Experimental study of the effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields on
animals with soft tissue wounds.

Detlavs I, Dombrovska L, Turauska A, Shkirmante B, Slutskii L.

Latvian Medical Academy, National Hospital of Traumatology and Orthopaedics,
Riga.

The effect of radio frequency electromagnetic fields (RF EMF) was studied on
Wistar rats with excised full-thickness dermal wounds in the interscapular
region. The wounded regions of experimental animals were subjected to EMF for 30
min daily during the first 5 days after wound infliction. Control animals
received no treatment. We used RF EMF with (1) frequency 53.53 GHz without
modulation; (2) frequency 42.19 GHz without modulation; (3) frequency 42.19 GHz,
but with a frequency modulation band 200-MHz wide. On the 7th day the animals
were terminated and the granulation-fibrous tissue (GFT) developed in the wounds
was subjected to complex quantitative biochemical analysis. RF EMF without
frequency modulation decreased the amounts of glycoprotein macromolecules,
diminishing the inflammatory exudation. In striking contrast, under the
influence of RF EMF with frequency modulation, hexoses and especially sialic
acid concentrations were significantly elevated (P < 0.001). This indicated
intensification of exudative phenomena. As a consequence of inflammation
inhibition in the treatment without frequency modulation, the total collagen
accumulation was lowered. However, when frequency was modulated, the
inflammatory phenomena were intensified, and pronounced accumulation of
collagenous proteins was noted. Thus, our experiments confirm the effects of
non-thermal EMF on the reparative-proliferative processes of animals with soft
tissue wounds.

PMID: 8717318 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



39: Behav Neurosci. 2001 Apr;115(2):429-36.  

Dimensions of emotionality in a rat model of innate anxiety.

Ohl F, Toschi N, Wigger A, Henniger MS, Landgraf R.

Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich,
Germany. ohl@mpipsykl.mpg.de

Emotionality is thought to be multidimensional, with "anxiety" representing one
dimension. Dissecting emotional dimensions in animal models is an essential
prerequisite for investigating the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie
anxiety. The authors used factor analysis to investigate emotional dimensions in
normal rats and rats bred for either high or low anxiety-related behavior.
Hyperanxious rats were reduced in emotional dimensions in the elevated plus-maze
by selection pressure, and a modified hole board test revealed a dissection of
their emotionality with precisely defined dimensions. This enabled clear
differentiation of "anxiety" from other emotional dimensions including risk
assessment behavior and exploration. Factors extracted by analyzing data from a
multiple-test battery corresponded to particular test characteristics rather
than to emotional dimensions. The approach used might help to develop specific
treatment strategies for anxiety disorders.

PMID: 11345967 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



40: Indian J Biochem Biophys. 1999 Oct;36(5):348-51.  

Effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields on health.

Jain SC, Tyagi K.

Centre for Environment & Explosive Safety, Metcalfe House, Delhi.

This paper gives a brief review of the physical interaction and bio-effects of
exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) along
with guidelines on limits of exposure to 50/60 Hz electric and magnetic fields.

Publication Types:
    Review
    Review, Tutorial

PMID: 10844987 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



41: Environ Health Perspect. 1979 Jun;30:115-21.  

Study of nonionizing microwave radiation effects upon the central nervous system
and behavior reactions.

Shandala MG, Dumanskii UD, Rudnev MI, Ershova LK, Los IP.

The biologic effect of an electromagnetic field of a frequency of 2375 +/- 50
MHz was studied in rats and rabbits in specially constructed absorbant chambers.
The results of the investigations have shown that microwave radiation of 10, 50,
500 mu W/cm2 for 30 days, 7 hr/day, causes a number of changes in bioelectric
brain activity and also in behavioral immunological, and cytochemical reactions.
It was found that levels of 10 and 50 mu W/cm2 stimulate the electric brain
activity at the initial stage of irradiation, while a level of 500 mu W/cm2
causes its suppression, as seen from the increase of slow, high amplitude
delta-waves. At 500 mu W/cm2 a decrease in capacity of work, in value of
unconditioned feeding stimulus, in investigating activity, electronic
irradiation threshold, and in inhibition of cellular and humoral immunity were
also observed.

PMID: 446442 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



42: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2000 Sep-Oct;50(5):878-83.  

[The dynamics of the manifestation of behavioral audiogenic seizure activity in
rats under the action of a modulated and a nonmodulated electromagnetic field]

[Article in Russian]

Konovalov VF, Serikov IS.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino.

It was shown that the electromagnetic field of low intensity modifies the evoked
epileptiform seizure activity in rats. Cumulative effect of the electromagnetic
field persisted over the course of 6 months. It was suggested that inhibition of
the increased motor activity under exposure to electromagnetic field is caused
by the involvement of dopaminergic brain systems and development of the
resonance effects in cortico-subcortical brain structures under the influence of
modulated electromagnetic fields.

PMID: 11085003 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



43: Lik Sprava. 1995 Jul-Aug;(7-8):37-9.  

[The cytogenetic action of electromagnetic fields in the short-wave range]

[Article in Russian]

Timchenko OI, Ianchevskaia NV.

Electromagnetic field (EMF) at a frequency of 24 or 14 MEGC and intensity of 400
or 200 V/m, increases numbers of hepatocytes from rats with chromosomal
aberrations 1.4-1.5-fold. The magnitude of the response does not appear to
change with the increase in the field intensity EMF at the above frequencies and
intensity of 100 V/m does not cause any cytogenetic effects. No such effects
were notable with EMF-frequency of 4 MEGC.

PMID: 8846369 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



44: IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2002 Jan-Feb;21(1):90-1.  

EMF cancer scares: epidemiology versus body power.

Deutsch S.

deutsch@eng.usf.edu

PMID: 11935994 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



45: Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1994 Jun;80(6):50-62.  

[Intersystemic functional integration under the action on the body of
electromagnetic factors]

[Article in Russian]

Vediaev FP, Samokhvalov VG.

Frequency zones of the brain electrical activity, heart rate and respiration
were studied through certain parameters characterised by individual asymmetry
and low but stable intersystemic integration. Chronic electromagnetic
irradiation reduced a resistance against an emotional stress as manifested in a
"decay" of individual spatial-temporal infrastructure of informational
parameters of the EEG, heart rate and respiration.

PMID: 7531066 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



46: Peptides. 2001 Jul;22(7):1031-6.  

Comparison of neurokinin SP with diazepam in effects on memory and fear
parameters in the elevated T-maze free exploration paradigm.

Echeverry MB, Hasenohrl RU, Huston JP, Tomaz C.

Laboratory of Psychobiology, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil.

The elevated T-maze was combined with a free exploration protocol, which, in
contrast to the conventional procedure, dispenses with handling of the animals
during the experimental sessions. This allows measurement of fear indexes
derived from the elevated plus-maze as well as assessment of acquisition of open
arm avoidance and open arm escape in one continuous session. Retention of the
different fear-responses is measured 72 h later without drug treatment. In order
to assess the effects of two known anxiolytics in this paradigm, rats received
an IP injection of diazepam (1 to 4 mg/kg), substance P (5 to 500 microg/kg) or
vehicle (1 ml/kg) and were tested on the T-maze for 5 min. Diazepam elevated
open arm activity, indicative of an anxiolytic effect. The drug also increased
the latency to escape from the open arms, but did not significantly affect
acquisition of open arm avoidance. During the retention trial, diazepam in
higher doses impaired the performance of both fear-responses, suggestive of an
anterograde amnesic effect. Substance P did not influence acquisition and
retention of open arm avoidance and escape. However, in high doses, the peptide
increased the sojourn time in the central arena of the maze, indicating reduced
fear and, hence, a dissociation between anxiolytic and amnesic effects. The
present findings demonstrate that the elevated T-maze free exploration paradigm
is sensitive to anxiolytic and memory-modulating effects of drugs.

PMID: 11445230 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



47: Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol. 1995 Sep-Dec;31(5-6):573-83.  

[A comparative histochemical study of cytochrome oxidase activity in the
somatosensory and auditory brain centers in the normal rat and after exposure to
superhigh-frequency electromagnetic fields]

[Article in Russian]

Krasnoshchekova EI, Rumiantseva TA, Kulikov GA.

Using histochemical method mitochondrial cytochrome oxydase (CO) in acoustic and
somatosensory centers of rat brain has been studied to reveal CO activity
distribution in norm and after impulse-modulated high-ultra-high frequency
influence. After ultra-high frequency influence the increase of enzymic activity
in a number of regions of rat brain centers with relationship to processing
ecologically important sensory signals is revealed.

PMID: 8714296 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



48: Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2002 Apr;71(4):581-7.  

Anxiogenic-like effect of serotonin(1B) receptor stimulation in the rat elevated
plus-maze.

Lin D, Parsons LH.

Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-7, Division of Psychopharmacology, The
Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037,
USA. lparsons@scripps.edu

Perturbations in serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)] neurotransmission have
been implicated in several psychiatric illnesses including depression and
anxiety disorders. It is not yet clear, however, which of the 14 currently
identified 5-HT receptor subtypes in the brain participate in the regulation of
emotional states. This study investigates a role for the 5-HT(1B) receptor
subtype in anxiety-related behaviors using the elevated plus-maze paradigm in
rats. The selective 5-HT(1B) receptor agonist
3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridyl)-5-propoxypyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridine (CP 94,253;
1--5.6 mg/kg) dose-dependently decreased the amount of exploration on the open
arms of the plus-maze without altering overall locomotor activity. This 5-HT(1B)
agonist-induced increase in anxiety-like behavior was dose-dependently reversed
by coadministration of the selective 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor antagonist
2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-biphenyl]-amide (GR 127,935). There
was no significant effect of GR 127,935 administration alone on plus-maze
behavior. These results indicate that 5-HT(1B) receptor activation increases
anxiety-like behavioral responses as measured by the elevated plus-maze. Since
5-HT(1B) receptors modulate the activity of multiple neurotransmitter systems
that have been implicated in anxiety disorders, these findings suggest that this
receptor subtype may represent an important therapeutic target for the treatment
of anxiety.

PMID: 11888549 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



49: Phytomedicine. 2000 Jun;7(3):199-203.  

Agastache mexicana may produce anxiogenic-like actions in the male rat.

Molina-Hernandez M, Tellez-Alcantara P, Martinez E.

Instituto de Investigaciones Psicologicas, Universidad Veracruzana, Mexico.
mimoli@bugs.invest.uv.mx

Behavioral effects of a water-soluble extract of Agastache mexicana, a plant
with purported anxiolytic actions, were studied in male Wistar rats. In the
elevated plus-maze test, various doses of the plant extract (3.0 mg/kg body wt.;
9.0 mg/kg body wt.; 12.0 mg/kg body wt.) administered intraperitoneally (i.p.)
decreased the exploration of open arms, showing an anxiogenic-like effect.
Agastache mexicana (12 mg/kg body wt.; i.p.) did not change immobility in the
forced swimming test (i.e., had no anti-depressant effect) but increased the
anti-immobility action of 32.0 mg/kg body wt. (i.p.) of desipramine (i.e.,
increased the antidepressant-like effect of desipramine). A. mexicana had no
effect on exploratory activity in an open field test, indicating that it had no
sedative effect at the doses used. It is concluded that effects of the water
extract of A. mexicana are more consistent with an anxiogenic-like property than
an anxiolytic-like one.

PMID: 11185730 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



50: Vopr Kurortol Fizioter Lech Fiz Kult. 1999 May-Jun;(3):11-4.  

[Changes in the proteinase-inhibitor system of rats with hyperlipoproteinemia
during transcerebral exposures to a 100-Hz-frequency pulse current and to an
ultrahigh-frequency field]

[Article in Russian]

Zubkova SM, Varakina NI, Mikhailik LV, Chabanenko SS.

Experiments on 36 male rats with experimental hyperlipoproteinemia demonstrated
that transcerebral exposure to impulse current (100 Hz, 2mA) aggravates
atherogenic alterations, provokes hyperactivation of kallikrein-kinin system and
unbalance of elastase inhibitory activity in the serum and myocardium. The
latter may contribute to better vascular permeability for low-density
lipoproteins, to development of edema of vascular intima, lability of cellular
and lysosomal membranes with hydrolysis of elastine and collagen fibers of
myocardial vessels and other organs. Transcerebral exposure to electromagnetic
UHF field (40.68 MHz) is not hypolipidemic but has no negative effect on
experimental atherosclerosis, promotes normalization of kallikrein-kinin system
in the serum, activation of this system in the myocardium and cerebral cortex,
correction of destructive processes in the serum and cerebral cortex with a risk
of their development in the myocardium.

PMID: 10429563 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



51: J Comp Physiol Psychol. 1975 Apr;89(2):183-8.  

Avoidance by rats of illumination with low power nonionizing electromagnetic
energy.

Frey AH, Feld SR.

Rats spent more time in the halves of shuttle boxes that were shielded from
illumination by 1.2 GHz microwave energy than in the unshielded. In Experiment
1, rats avoided the energy when it was presented as 30-musec pulses with a pulse
repetition rate of 100 pulses per second (pps). The average power density was
about .6 mW/cm2, and the peak power density was about 200 mW/cm2. In Experiment
2, the energy was presented both continuously and in pulse-modulated form, i.e.,
.5-msec exponentially decaying pulses at a rate of 1,000 pps. The average power
density of the continuous energy was 2.4 mW/cm2, and the average power density
of the pulse-modulated energy was .2 mW/cm2. The peak power density of the
modulated energy was 2.1 mW/cm2. The rats avoided the pulsed energy, but not the
continuous energy.

PMID: 1133237 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



52: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1977 Aug;84(8):146-9.  

[Hypnogenic action of a modulated electromagnetic field]

[Article in Russian]

Sudakov KV, Antimonii GD.

Behavioristic and electroencephalographic changes in rats under long-lasting
modulated electromagnetic field (frequency of 40 MHz, modulation frequency 50
Hz, intensity 100--120 V/m) were studied. Some phasic disorders in the
conditioned feeding and defense reactions were observed, including cataleptic
state as a result of the action of modulated electromagnetic field. These
behavioristic disorders are determined by the changes in the normal
cortico-subcortical relationships.

PMID: 561631 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



53: Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000 Aug;130(8):746-8.  

Emotional state and one-trial learning in OXYS rats with hereditarily elevated
production of oxygen radicals.

Loskutova LV, Kolosova NG.

Institute of Physiology, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Medical
Sciences, Novosibirsk.

Comparative analysis of unconditioned and conditioned behavior of Wistar and
prematurely aging OXYS rats revealed that the latter have significantly reduced
locomotor and exploratory activities, increased anxiety in the elevated
plus-maze test, spatial disorientation, and abnormal associative learning. OXYS
rats can be used as a biological model for studying molecular, neurobiological,
and neurochemical mechanisms of brain aging.

PMID: 11177232 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



54: Z Naturforsch [C]. 1994 May-Jun;49(5-6):352-8.  

Resonance effect of low-intensity millimeter waves on the chromatin
conformational state of rat thymocytes.

Belyaev SYa, Kravchenko VG.

Scientific Research Center Vidguk, Moscow Engineering Physics Institute, Russia.

The method of anomalous viscosity time dependencies (AVTD) was modified for the
study of the changes in the chromatin conformational state (CCS) of rat
thymocytes of the Wistar line. The response of the thymocytes of male rats to
low-intensity millimeter waves (MMW) was examined. It was shown that MMW at
power densities (PD) of 1 microW/cm2 produced a resonance effect on the CCS in
the frequency range of 41.56-41.67 GHz. The resonance frequency of the cell
response did not vary significantly among five examined rats and was determined
to be 41.61 +/- 0.01 GHz. A halfwidth of resonances was averaged to 40 MHz. The
power dependence of the resonance effect was measured in the range of
10(-11)-10(-4) W/cm2. Statistically significant changes in CCS were registered,
starting with 10(-9) W/cm2. Right- and left-handed circularly polarized MMW were
shown to differ in efficiency at the resonance frequency. The established
regularities in the thymocyte response to low-intensity MMW was very similar to
those which have been previously found for E. coli cells.

PMID: 8060460 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



55: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Jul-Aug;41(4):399-402.  

[Effect of low-frequency pulse-modulated 460 MHz electromagnetic irradiation on
Drosophila embryos]

[Article in Russian]

Bol'shakov MA, Kniazeva IR, Lindt TA, Evdokimov EV.

Tomsk State University, 634050 Russia. physiol@bio.tsu.ru

Effect of electromagnetic radiation 460 MHz with 2.5-40 Hz pulse modulation rate
on Drosophila embryos of 15 h 10 m age was studied. It was demonstrated that a
5-min irradiation with 0.12 W/kg average SAR (3 W/kg pulsed SAR) alters the
Drosophila percentage of interrupted development. The effect strength depended
on the modulation rate with a pronounced decrease at 10 and 16 Hz. A hypothesis
about the presence of thermal and non-thermal mechanisms of action of
pulse-modulated microwave radiation diversely effecting the embryos has been put
forward and grounded.

PMID: 11605241 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



56: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1993 Mar-Apr;43(2):398-406.  

[The effect of different motor regimens modulating spontaneous activity on rat
behavior]

[Article in Russian]

Kulikov VP, Kiselev VI, Konev IV.

A method was developed of non-stressful modulation of spontaneous motor activity
of rats. Restraint of mobility was found to inhibit spontaneous activity.
Physiological stimulation of muscle activity by means of complication of
food-procuring behaviour was accompanied by increase of spontaneous activity.
Physiological stimulation of motor activity was characterized by stability of
orienting-exploratory behaviour, emotional reactivity, expression of "freedom
response", the best learning and working abilities of the animals. Regimes with
imposing or restriction of muscle activity favoured the inhibition of
spontaneous activity and the decrease of efficiency of adaptive behaviour. Motor
regimes accompanied by increase of spontaneous activity were found to be optimal
for adaptive behaviour.

PMID: 8317168 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



57: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 2001 Mar-Apr;41(2):207-9.  

[The delayed effects of modulated and non-modulated electromagnetic field on
epileptiformic activity in rats]

[Article in Russian]

Konovalov VF, Serikov IS.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, 142290
Russia.

The modifying influence of the weak electromagnetic field on the development of
the audiogenic spasmodic activity in rats was shown. The decrease of lifetime of
experimental rats exposed to electromagnetic fields with different parameters
and development of tumours (in one set of experiments) was found.

PMID: 11402555 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



58: Acta Med Austriaca. 2000;27(3):69-77.  

[Electromagnetic fields--effects on health]

[Article in German]

Stepansky R, Jahn O, Windischbauer G, Zeitlhofer J.

Universitatsklinik fur Neurologie, Wien.

This literature review shows the current knowledge of health effects on humans
concerning static, low frequency electric and magnetic fields and high frequency
electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz. Basic physical knowledge and the current
thresholds are demonstrated. Different frequency ranges of electromagnetic
fields, their natural and technical origins and the different biological
effects, especially possible hazards such as cancerogenity or risks for the
brain, are discussed. Open questions and future research aspects are
demonstrated. Finally electrosensibility and psychological aspects are shown.

Publication Types:
    Review
    Review, Tutorial

PMID: 10897385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



59: Life Sci. 2002 Mar 1;70(15):1751-62.  

Validation of a behavioral recording automated system in the elevated plus-maze
test.

Torres C, Escarabajal MD.

Departamento de Psicologia, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias de la Educacion,
Universidad de Jaen, Spain. mctorres@ujaen.es

The elevated plus-maze test has been widely used for screening of anxiolytic
drugs and for exploring neurobiological bases of anxiety. In this study, we
validated a new automated system that enables to record exploratory behavior in
the elevated plus-maze test. This system, called cyberplus, consisted of ten
pairs of photoelectric cells strategically located in several parts of the
apparatus, and seemed to be sensitive to the position of the animal's forepaws,
so it would yield scores in anxiety measurements and locomotor activity similar
to those obtained by following the traditional procedure, that is, by analyzing
videotapes by experienced observers. In order to assess this hypothesis, we
exposed rats to the elevated plus-maze test and compared the scores obtained by
cyberplus with the values recorded by two independent observers, conducting a
correlational study with both kinds of recording procedures. The results
obtained suggest the utility of cyberplus as a behavioral recording automated
system in the elevated plus-maze test, making data collection and data analysis
easier in exploring pharmacological and neurobiological bases of anxiety.

Publication Types:
    Validation Studies

PMID: 12002520 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



60: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2002 Nov-Dec;52(6):743-9.  

[Behavioral consequences of isolation in early ontogeny in rats: selectivity of
anxiety conditions]

[Article in Russian]

Khonicheva NM, Czabak-Garbacz R, Krupina NA.

Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow.

Multiparameter scale for evaluation of anxiety-phobic state in rats reveals
significant enhancement of anxiety in rat pups after 6-week isolation (beginning
from the 21st day from birth) as compared to grouped controls of the same
litter: the locomotion and exploration that appear in test areas are suppressed,
and species-specific fear reactions are enhanced. These changes considered as
signs of situational anxiety are not eliminated by 2.5-month keeping in groups.
Nevertheless, they are not correlated with parameters of the acoustic startle
reflex that (by the data of literature) is thought to be related with fear and
anxiety. On the basis of the discrepancy it is proposed that state of anxiety is
selective. This suggestion is confirmed by individual behavioral variations
characterized by a combination of a low level of situational anxiety and a high
level of acoustic anxiety observed in both experimental and control groups.
These variations may explain the existence of atypical "emotional
resonance"-like behavior according to P.V. Simonov. Attention is given to
selectively enhanced acoustic startle reflex in the group of active control as
an evidence for critical importance of any manipulations with social context in
early ontogeny.

PMID: 12528379 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



61: Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2001 Apr;154(4):336-42.  

Lack of consistent behavioural effects of Maudsley reactive and non-reactive
rats in a number of animal tests of anxiety and activity.

Paterson A, Whiting PJ, Gray JA, Flint J, Dawson GR.

Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, Neuroscience Research Centre,
Terlings Park, Eastwick Road, Harlow, Essex CM20 2QR, UK.

RATIONALE: A number of previous studies have reported that the Maudsley reactive
(MR/Har) and non-reactive (MNRA/Har) strains of rats show behavioural and
physiological differences consistent with the hypothesis that these strains
differ in emotionality and could therefore be considered a model of trait
anxiety in humans. OBJECTIVES: We sought to confirm this observation by
determining their behaviour in various animal models of conditioned and
unconditioned fear. METHODS: Both strains were evaluated in the open field (OF),
conditioned avoidance (CA), elevated plus maze (EPM) and fear-potentiated
startle (FPS) tests. In the OF the behaviour of both strains was consistent with
previous results showing that reactive rats had significantly higher levels of
defecation and lower levels of activity than the non-reactive rats. However,
there were no significant strain differences in CA responses or in the time
spent on the open arms of the EPM. In addition, the full benzodiazepine receptor
agonist, chlordiazepoxide, induced quantitatively similar effects in both
strains of rats. In the FPS test, MNRA/Hars had a higher baseline level of
startle and fear potentiation than the MR/Har rats. CONCLUSIONS: These data show
that the behaviour of MR/Har and MNRA/Har rats in some models of conditioned and
unconditioned fear is inconsistent with that predicted by their behaviour in the
OF test, suggesting that they are not a model of trait fear.

PMID: 11349385 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



62: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1999 Nov-Dec;49(6):1039-45.  

[The effect of different stages of the sex cycle on rat behavior in a plus maze]

[Article in Russian]

Vinogradova EP.

Department of Higher Nervous Activity and Psychophysiology, St.-Petersburg State
University.

Anxiety and motor activity of female white rats in the elevated plus-maze were
studied at different stages of the reproduction cycle (estrus, diestrus,
pregnancy and lactation). The level of anxiety was lower, and that of locomotor
and exploratory activity was higher during estrus and lactation than during
diestrus and pregnancy. Exposure to chronic pain of threshold intensity did not
induce behavioral changes in pregnant rats. There was no difference between the
control and experimental animals in the level of plasma corticosterone.

PMID: 10693284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



63: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1995 Jan-Feb;35(1):29-35.  

[Motor activity of rabbits in conditions of chronic low-intensity pulse
microwave irradiation]

[Article in Russian]

Grigor'ev IuG, Luk'ianova SN, Makarov VP, Rynskov VV, Moiseeva NV.

Motor activity of rabbits under daily thirty-minute irradiation (1.5 GHz, pulse
duration 16 ms, pulse recurrence frequency 0.12 Hz, pulse intensity 0.3 mw/cm2)
for one month was studied. From 14th day the reliable disadaptation changes such
as an anxiety and alarm reaction were found. The importance of prolonged
irradiation is noted.

PMID: 7719427 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



64: Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Oct;21(7):524-37.  

Neural and behavioral teratological evaluation of rats exposed to ultra-wideband
electromagnetic fields.

Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Mason PA, Dooley MP, Miller SA, Ziriax JM, Murphy MR.

Air Force Research Laboratory, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Directed Energy
Bioeffects Division, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Brooks AFB, Texas
78235-5324, USA. Brenda.Cobb@AFRLARS.Brooks.af.mil

Several investigators have reported teratologic effects of electromagnetic field
exposure. The majority of these studies have been performed at levels of
exposure that could produce substantial heating of the animals. New and unique
sources of ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic fields are currently being
developed and tested that are capable of generating nonthermalizing,
high-peak-power, microwave (MW) pulses with nanosecond (ns) pulse widths,
picosecond (ps) rise times, and an UWB of frequencies. Our study was performed
to determine if teratological changes occur in rat pups as a result of (i) daily
UWB exposures during gestation days 3-18, or (ii) as a result of both prenatal
and postnatal (10 days) exposures. Dams were exposed either to (i) UWB
irradiation from a Kentech system that emitted a 55 kV/m-peak E field, 300 ps
rise time, and a 1.8 ns pulse width, average whole-body specific absorption rate
45 mW/kg; (ii) sham irradiation; or (iii) a positive control, lead (Pb) acetate
solution (2000 microg/ml) continuously available in the drinking water.
Offspring were examined for ontogeny (litter size, sex-ratios, weights, coat
appearance, tooth-eruption, eye-opening, air-righting, and ultrasonic stress
vocalizations). Male pups were tested on various performance measures
(locomotor, water-maze learning, and fertilization capabilities). The pups
postnatally exposed were examined for hippocampal morphology and operant
behavior. Behavioral, functional, and morphological effects of UWB exposure were
unremarkable with these exceptions: (i) The UWB-exposed pups emitted
significantly more stress vocalizations than the sham-exposed pups; (ii) the
medial-to-lateral length of the hippocampus was significantly longer in the
UWB-exposed pups than in the sham-exposed animals; (iii) male offspring exposed
in utero to UWB mated significantly less frequently than sham-exposed males, but
when they did mate there was no difference in fertilization and offspring
numbers from the sham group. There does not appear to be a unifying
physiological or behavioral relationship among the significant differences
observed, and our findings could be due to the expected spurious results derived
when a large number of statistical comparisons are made. Significant effects
found between our positive-controls and other groups on numerous measures
indicates that the techniques used were sensitive enough to detect teratological
effects. Bioelectromagnetics 21:524-537, 2000. Published 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

PMID: 11015117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



65: Radiat Res. 2001 Feb;155(2):369-77.  

Repeated exposure of C3H/HeJ mice to ultra-wideband electromagnetic pulses: lack
of effects on mammary tumors.

Jauchem JR, Ryan KL, Frei MR, Dusch SJ, Lehnert HM, Kovatch RM.

Air Force Research Laboratory, Radio Frequency Radiation Branch, Directed Energy
Bioeffects Division, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Brooks Air Force Base,
Texas, USA.

It has been suggested that chronic, low-level exposure to radiofrequency (RF)
radiation may promote the formation of tumors. Previous studies, however, showed
that low-level, long-term exposure of mammary tumor-prone mice to 435 MHz or
2450 MHz RF radiation did not affect the incidence of mammary tumors. In this
study, we investigated the effects of exposure to a unique type of
electromagnetic energy: pulses composed of an ultra-wideband (UWB) of
frequencies, including those in the RF range. One hundred C3H/HeJ mice were
exposed to UWB pulses (rise time 176 ps, fall time 3.5 ns, pulse width 1.9 ns,
peak E-field 40 kV/m, repetition rate 1 kHz). Each animal was exposed for 2 min
once a week for 12 weeks. One hundred mice were used as sham controls. There
were no significant differences between groups with respect to incidence of
palpated mammary tumors, latency to tumor onset, rate of tumor growth, or animal
survival. Histopathological evaluations revealed no significant differences
between the two groups in numbers of neoplasms in all tissues studied
(lymphoreticular tissue, thymus, respiratory, digestive and urinary tracts,
reproductive, mammary and endocrine systems, and skin). Our major finding was
the lack of effects of UWB-pulse exposure on promotion of mammary tumors in a
well-established animal model of mammary cancer.

PMID: 11175673 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



66: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2001 Oct;87(10):1450-6.  

[Interleukin-1beta and depressive states]

[Article in Russian]

Zubareva OE, Efremov OM, Simbirtsev AS, Klimenko VM.

Institute of Experimental Medicine, Russian Acad. Med. Sci., St. Petersburg,
197376, Acad. Pavlov St., 12, Russia.

Administration of Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) in pyrogenic and subpyrogenic
doses induced a depression of social and exploratory behaviour in rats. A
reduction in locomotor activity only occurred with pyrogenic doses of the IL-1
beta. The low dose induced the reduction whereas the high dose the increase of
anxiety in elevated plus maze. The opposite effects of two doses of IL-1 beta
were observed also in a test with saccharine.

PMID: 11767459 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



67: Pol J Occup Med. 1988;1(4):329-39.  

Influence of a static magnetic field on the reproductive function, certain
biochemical indices and behaviour of rats.

Grzesik J, Bortel M, Duda D, Kuska R, Ludyga K, Michnik J, Smolka B, Sowa B,
Trzeciak H, Zielinski G.

PMID: 2979568 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



68: Gig Sanit. 1989 Oct;(10):30-2.  

[Hygienic evaluation and the problems of standardization of magnetic fields with
the frequency of 50 Hz]

[Article in Russian]

Ziubanova LF, Karamyshev VB, Shestakov VG.

It is established that some kinds of technological equipment are the sources of
the magnetic fields with the frequency of 50 Hz, their biologic activity being
identified. Hygienic classification and approaches to differentiated
standardization of the above factor are suggested with account of time and
energetic parameters.

PMID: 2599398 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



69: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2000 Sep;86(9):1167-74.  

[Effect of immunization to cholecystokinin fragment (30-33) on the behavior of
albino rats]

[Article in Russian]

Danilova RA, Rud'ko OI, Korotkova TM, Obukhova MF, Ashmarin IP.

Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory.

Active immunisation of albino rats by the BSA-conjugated CCK-4 induced formation
of antibodies to the CCK-4 and some long-term changes of the rat behaviour.
These changes were contrary to anxiogenic effect of the CCK-4 and demonstrated
an anxiolytic effect of the immunisation. The data obtained suggest a
possibility of an immunocorrection of pathological anxiety and fear by an
inverse immunoregulation.

PMID: 11081222 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



70: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1976 Sep-Oct;26(5):899-909.  

[Modulated electromagnetic field as a factor of selective influence on animal
mechanisms of goal-directed behavior]

[Article in Russian]

Sudakov KV.

Proceeding from P.K. Anokhin's theory of the functional systems, the paper
considers the action of a modulated electromagnetic field (MEMF) on different
stages of the central architectonics of purposeful behaviour of rats: afferent
synthesis, decisions making, acceptor of the action results. The action of MEMF
was studied in different experimental situations: choice of an alimentary or
defensive reaction to one conditioned stimulus in different situations;
extinction of conditioned alimentary reactions; elaboration and extinction of
alimentary conditioned reactions in animals group contacts; choice of the side
of reinforcement in a T-shaped maze, and, lastly, self-stimulation reactions.
The experiments have shown that MEMF has a selective effect on the animals'
emotional reactions. Greater disturbances are observed in the mechanisms of the
animals' appraisal of the action of situational and trigger stimuli or
surrounding individuals of their species and, hence, of decisions making and
anticipation of future results of the action, the acceptor of the action
results.

PMID: 997935 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



71: Med Pr. 1981;32(6):393-402.  

[Glycosaminoglycans in the brain of rats subjected to electromagnetic field
action]

[Article in Polish]

Matych S.

Investigations on changes of glucosaminoglycans content were carried out in the
brain of the rats irradiated once (30 min.) or several times (2-6 hours daily).
The following frequencies of e-m fields were used: 2880 MHz (pulse modulation
1000 Hz, pulse duration 1,5 mus); 150 MHz (50 V/m); 175 MHz (150 V/m); 3000 MHz
c.w. continuous wave). Control groups of animals were not subject to
irradiation. Statistically significant increase of GAG content was found in the
brain of the rats, irradiated in e-m field of frequency 2880 MHz in comparison
with GAG concentration in the controls. In the brains of animals exposed to e-m
fields of frequencies 150 and 175 MHz a statistically significant decrease of
GAG content was noted in comparison with GAG content in the controls. Whereas
e-m field of frequency 3000 MHz c.w. did not induce statistically significant
changes in GAG content in experimental animals as compared with the controls.

PMID: 6804742 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



72: Biofizika. 2002 Jul-Aug;47(4):759-68.  

[A study of absorption of energy of the extremely high frequency electromagnetic
radiation in the rat skin by various dosimetric methods and approaches]

[Article in Russian]

Gapeev AB, Sokolov PA, Chemeris NK.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, 142290 Russia.

Using experimental and theoretical methods of dosimetry, the energy absorption
of extremely high-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EHF EMR) in the skin of
laboratory rats was analyzed. Specific absorption rate (SAR) in the skin was
determined on the basis of both microthermometric measurements of initial rates
of temperature rise in rat skin induced by the exposure and microcalorimetric
measurements of specific heat of the skin. Theoretical calculations of SAR in
the skin were performed with consideration for dielectric parameters of rat skin
obtained from the measurements of the standing wave ratio upon reflection of
electromagnetic waves from the skin surface and for the effective area of
stationary overheating measured by infrared thermography. A numerical method was
developed to determine electromagnetic wave energy reflected, absorbed, and
transmitted in the model of flat layers. The algorithm of the method was
realized in a computer program and used to calculate SAR in the skin on the
basis of the complex dielectric constant of rat skin. The SAR values obtained
from experimental measurements, theoretical calculations and numerical analysis
are in good mutual correspondence and make about 220-280 W/kg at a frequency of
42.25 GHz and a power of 20 mW at the radiator output. The results obtained can
be used for dosimetric supply of biomedical experiments on studying the
physicochemical mechanisms of the biological effects of EHF EMR.

PMID: 12298218 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



73: Gig Sanit. 1991 Aug;(8):52-3.  

[Behavioral effects of the combined chronic action of 9375 and 1765 MHz
microwaves]

[Article in Russian]

Navakatikian MA, Nikitina NG, Zotov SV.

Combined pulse-discrete microwave irradiation (9375 and 1765 MHz, irradiance
flux density to 375 microW/cm2, by 12 h/day for 4 months) caused faint
inhibition of CNS in locomotion activity and defensive reflex parameters.

PMID: 1937100 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



74: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1996 Sep-Oct;36(5):722-6.  

[Effects of low-intensity electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency
on the animal body within the framework of total low-dose x-ray irradiation]

[Article in Russian]

Gubkina EA, Kushnir AE, Bereziuk SK, Potapov VA, Lepekhin EA.

Effect of low-intensive electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency
(EMR EHF) on the rats, subjected to the low-dose X-ray irradiation (6.192 mC/rg)
was investigated. Content of glial fibrillary acidic protein as well as glucose
content and activity of glutamate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase was
studied. It was shown than EMR EHF modifies the X-ray irradiation effect:
filament GFAP concentration in brain and glucose content in serum were restored.
The authors suggest central nervous system participation in realization of EMR
EHF effects on the organism.

PMID: 9019284 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



75: Radiobiologiia. 1987 Jul-Aug;27(4):567-9.  

[Effect of electromagnetic fields of UHF range on dopamine-dependent behavior of
rabbits]

[Article in Russian]

Andreeva LA, Konovalov VF, Podol'skii IIa.

SHF radiation of low intensity does not influence on a stereotyped behaviour of
rabbits induced by a dopamine receptor stimulator, apomorphine. However, 10% of
animals exhibited a marked decrease in the test-response after SHF-irradiation
(16 Hz) which was perhaps associated with the increased individual sensitivity
of some animals to SHF-radiation.

PMID: 3628743 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



76: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 1998 Nov-Dec;48(6):1043-50.  

[The characteristics of the effect of tuftsin on the behavior and on the level
of biogenic amines in the brain of rats with differing resistance to acoustic
stress]

[Article in Russian]

Ismailova KhIu, Semenova TP, Iskanderova MD, Fast AE.

Karaev Institute of Physiology, Azerbaijani Academy of Sciences, Baku.

The influence of tetrapeptide tuftsin (Tyr-Lys-Pro-Arg) on learning, exploratory
activity, emotional behavior, and hypothalamic monoamine content was studied in
Wistar rats with different resistance to stress induced by acoustic stimuli.
Positive effects of taftsin were more pronounced in low-resistant rats.
Administration of taftsin induced in these animals a significant increase in
reactivity to stimuli of different modalities, the open-field exploratory
activity, rate of alimentary conditioning and its modification in emotionally
negative situation. Biochemical examinations showed that in rats with high
resistance to stress taftsin administration led to a decrease in hypothalamic
noradrenaline level and increase in dopamine and serotonin levels. On the
contrary, in low-resistant animals taftsin increased the level of noradrenaline
and decreased that of dopamine, serotonin, and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. It is
suggested that different behavioral effects of taftsin in stress-resistant and
nonresistant rats are caused by its different influence on hypothalamic biogenic
amines.

PMID: 9929913 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



77: Biofizika. 2000 Jan-Feb;45(1):130-6.  

[Changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activity during in vitro exposure to
amplitude-modulated electromagnetic field of ultrahigh frequency (2375 MHz) in
guinea pigs]

[Article in Russian]

Pashovkina MS, Akoev IG.

Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow
Region, Russia.

The activity of alkaline phosphatase by the action of pulse-modulated microwave
radiation was studied. The carrier frequency of radiation was 2375 MHz, the
range of modulation pulse rate was 10-390 Hz with the on-off time ratio 2, and
the specific absorption rate was 8 and 0.8 microW/cm2. Time of exposure was 1
and 3 min under conditions of continuous temperature control. It was shown that
the activity of alkaline phosphatase depends on both modulation frequency and
intensity of superhigh-frequency electromagnetic radiation. At a frequency of 70
Hz, the activity of alkaline phosphatases increased 1.8-2.0 times.

PMID: 10732222 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



78: Gig Sanit. 1983 Mar;(3):86-9.  

[Age-related sensitivity of the body of an animal to superhigh-frequency
electromagnetic fields]

[Article in Russian]

Koziarin IP, Shvaiko II.

PMID: 6852577 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



79: Bioelectromagnetics. 1999 Oct;20(7):453-8.  

Erratum in:
    Bioelectromagnetics 2000 Jan;21(1):73.

Power frequency fields promote cell differentiation coincident with an increase
in transforming growth factor-beta(1) expression.

Aaron RK, Ciombor DM, Keeping H, Wang S, Capuano A, Polk C.

Department of Orthopaedics, Brown University School of Medicine Providence,
Rhode Island 02906, USA.

Recent information from several laboratories suggest that power frequency fields
may stimulate cell differentiation in a number of model systems. In this way,
they may be similar to pulsed electromagnetic fields, which have been used
therapeutically. However, the effects of power frequency fields on phenotypic or
genotypic expression have not been explained. This study describes the ability
of power frequency fields to accelerate cell differentiation in vivo and
describes dose relationships in terms of both amplitude and exposure duration.
No change in proliferation or cell content were observed. A clear dose
relationship, in terms of both amplitude and duration of exposure, was
determined with the maximal biological response occurring at 0.1 mT and 7-9
h/day. Because this study was designed to explore biological activity at
environmental exposure levels, this exposure range does not necessarily define
optimal dosing conditions from the therapeutic point of view. This study reports
the stimulation by power frequency fields of transforming growth factor-beta, an
important signalling cytokine known to regulate cell differentiation. The
hypothesis is raised that the stimulation of regulatory cytokines by
electromagnetic fields may be an intermediary mechanism by which these fields
have their biological activity.

PMID: 10495311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



80: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1976 Jun;47(6):644-8.  

Effect of electromagnetic pulse on avoidance behavior and electroencephalogram
of a rhesus monkey.

Mattsson JL, Oliva SA.

A 12-kg male rhesus monkey was exposed to electromagnetic pulse (EMP) at 266
kv/m, 5 pulses/s, for 1 h (18,700 pulses). The effects of EMP on Sidman
avoidance behavior and on post-exposure electroencephalogram were evaluated, and
no significant changes were detected. An analysis of an EMP showed that it
contained various frequency components extending from 0 Hz to 10(9) Hz. However,
the pulse configuration was such that its power was mainly confined to the
longer wave-lengths (less than 30 MHz). The lack of biologic effect was
attributed to the fact that the wavelengths were long relative to the size of
the monkey, and little energy deposition was likely to occur. In addition, the
electric field was evenly distributed across all lower frequencies so that only
a very small electric field component existed at any specific low frequency.

PMID: 820328 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



81: Bioelectromagnetics. 1989;10(1):111-3.  

Intensity threshold for 60-Hz magnetically induced behavioral changes in rats.

Liboff AR, Thomas JR, Schrot J.

Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309-4401.

Experiments were conducted to further investigate the effect of 60-Hz
cyclotron-resonance exposures on rats performing on a multiple FR-DRL schedule.
The previously reported temporary loss of DRL baseline response, when measured
as a function of A.C. magnetic intensity, was found to have a threshold.
Utilizing the component of A.C. magnetic intensity parallel to the D.C. field,
we report this threshold as (0.27 +/- 0.10) x 10(-4) Trms.

PMID: 2712836 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



82: Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 1998 Oct;84(10):1100-7.  

[Anxiety-inducing and -inhibiting agents: differential effect of pentagastrins
on the white rat behavior]

[Article in Russian]

Danilova RA, Fedorova IM, Rud'ko OI, Kushnir EA, Ashmarin IP.

Moscow State University, Vorobyevy Gory, Russia.

Parenteral administration of des-BOC-Pentagastrin induced the anxiety and fear
manifestations, depressing also explorative behaviour in open field experiments
in rats. Intranasal administration evoked similar effects, whereas pentagastrin
reduced the anxiety level, increasing explorative behaviour. Pentagastrin and
des-BOC-Pentagastrin displayed antagonism at the receptor level.

PMID: 10097277 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



83: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1991 Feb;111(2):165-8.  

[Changes in the emotionally conditioned behavior of rats under the influence of
the hexapeptide fragment GLLDLK of the protein inhibitor of diazepam binding]

[Article in Russian]

Zhdanova IV, Kordzadze RN, Pliashkevich IuG.

It is shown that suboccipital injection of 100 micrograms of the gexapeptide
GLLDLK (the fragment of endogenous peptide--the inhibitor of diazepam binding)
modified (for 1-3 days) the emotionally conditioned behaviour of the rats (the
test of "emotional resonance"). This modification was realized in some
reinforcement of different behavioural patterns and had signs of anxiety and
depression. In the test "social hierarchy" the injection of GLLDLK didn't change
significantly the hierarchy in the whole rat society, but in the recipient
behaviour the exploratory activity has been changed, the time of grooming
increased and the quantity of social contacts decreased.

PMID: 1854959 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



84: Physiol Behav. 2001 Feb;72(3):403-7.  

Exposure to a novel stimulus reduces anxiety level in adult and aging rats.

Darwish M, Koranyi L, Nyakas C, Almeida OF.

Department of Clinical and Experimental Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Health
Sciences, Semmelweis University, Szabolcs u. 33-35, H-1135 Budapest, Hungary.

Male Wistar rats aged 3, 15 and 24 months were isolated and housed individually
for 72 h prior to being subjected to inanimate objects (two objects per rat,
each 1.5 cm in diameter and 4 cm in length, made of surgical gauze). Following
the exposure to the objects, rats were subsequently tested in an elevated
plus-maze. The inanimate objects induced locomotor activity, chewing and
transportation of the object. This changed to social interaction and play-like
behavioral activity in rats of all ages that were kept in small groups with a
latency of 1 to 2 min. One hour after the start of exposure, the animals were
tested in the elevated plus-maze to measure anxiety behavior. It was found that
all age groups spent significantly more time in the open arm of the elevated
plus-maze than the corresponding controls. Latencies to first entry into open
arms were also significantly lowered. The number of entries to the open or to
the dark arm, however, did not show statistical difference, indicating that the
novel object-induced activity failed to exert influence on gross motor activity
in the elevated plus-maze. In conclusion, the stimulation elicited by the
exposure to novel stimulus (inanimate objects) resulted in a significant
reduction of anxiety level both in adult and in aging rats.

PMID: 11274684 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



85: Gig Sanit. 1993 Dec;(12):39-40.  

[The effect of superhigh frequency electromagnetic radiation on the central
nervous system]

[Article in Russian]

Krylova IN, Iasnetsov VV, Pal'tsev IuP, Il'in AB, Kuznetsova EIu, Balaeva NV.

PMID: 8125368 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



86: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1997 Sep-Oct;37(5):756-61.  

[Behavior reactions and lipids of brain synaptic membranes of rats under chronic
exposure to gamma irradiation]

[Article in Russian]

Semenova TP, Medvinskaia NI, Potekhina NI, Kolomiitseva IK.

The effects of low level chronic ionising irradiation (12.9 cGy/day on the
sensory attention to the stimuli of different modalities (somatosensory, visual,
odor) of Wistar rats were studied. Analysis of animals behaviour was made after
they had received the different doses of irradiation: 4, 6, 8, 10, 15 and 20 Gy.
It was founded, that the attention and exploratory activity of rats is
significantly decreased up to 20-30% after 4-6 Gy. The irradiation doses 8 Gy
did not change animal behaviour as compared to control animals, but doses 10, 15
and 20 Gy decreased the exploratory activity as well as sensory attention of
rats to 3-5-times as compared to previous dose. Such a wave-like way of
behaviour reflects the functioning of an adaptive mechanism. Biochemical data
indicated that after 5 months of the irradiation (dose 20 Gy) the level of
phospholipids, lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine,
phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol were decreased.

PMID: 9417305 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



87: Z Gesamte Hyg. 1991 Jan;37(1):4-7.  

[Standardization of electromagnetic fields of 3-30 MHz with reference to the
time factor]

[Article in German]

Savin BM, Lobanova EA, Kosova IP, Sokolova IP, Rubcova NB, Lochodzej LV,
Klescenok OI.

Wissenschaftliches Forschungsinstitut fur Arbeitshygiene und Berufskrankheiten,
Akademie der Medizinischen Wissenschaften, UdSSR, Moskau.

In chronic experiments (4 months) in rabbits, rats, and mice biological effects
were investigated from 7 exposure regimen of electromagnetic fields with a
frequency of 24 MHz at field strengths of the electric field component of 125,
250, 500, and 1,000 V/m, respectively, and an exposure time of 0.25, 1, and 4
hrs. respectively. The effects on the CNS, the immune and hormone systems, the
peripheral blood and on the spermato and embryo genesis were estimated. The
results delivered the basis for the introduction of an index. In point of time
different limit values are to be determined according to the energetic load. A
concrete value for the energetic load 7,200 (V/m)2.h is proposed as maximum
allowable field strength of the electric component 300 V/m.

PMID: 2028680 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



88: Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1993 Aug;116(8):127-30.  

[A new natural model of elevated anxiety in rats]

[Article in Russian]

Rodina VI, Krupina NA, Kryzhanovskii GN.

The levels of anxiety were determined in male Wistar rats using a complex
multiparameter method for evaluating anxiety-phobic states in rats based on
ranged scale. The effects of psychotropic drugs differed in rats with innate
high and low levels of anxiety. Anxiolytics sodium valproate (200 mg/kg),
phenazepam (0.05 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.1 and 0.6 mg/kg) reduced anxiety in rats
with innate high level of anxiety and prevented increase of anxiety induced by
saline in rats with innate low level of anxiety. Pentylenetetrazol (10 mg/kg)
and haloperidol at a large dose (0.5 mg/kg) increased anxiety in rats with
either high or low innate levels of anxiety. However sodium lactate (600 mg/kg)
increased anxiety only in rats with innate high level of anxiety. Haloperidol at
a small dose (0.01 mg/kg) and melipramin (10 mg/kg) were uneffective in rats
with innate high level of anxiety. Results believed the rats with innate high
level of anxiety to be used as a new natural animal model of anxiety.

PMID: 8274676 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



89: Indian J Exp Biol. 2000 Mar;38(3):231-6.  

Hyperglycaemia in pregnancy: effects on the offspring behaviour with special
reference to anxiety paradigms.

Ramanathan M, Jaiswal AK, Bhattacharya SK.

Department of Pharmacology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.

Maternal hyperglycemic effect was studied on the offspring behaviour. Offspring
were obtained from diabetic rats by mating a normal father with a diabetic
mother (NFDM), diabetic father with normal mother (DFNM) and diabetic father
with diabetic mother (DFDM). Rats were rendered diabetic by injecting
streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg i.p.) in citrate buffer. Offspring were subjected
to various anxiety parameters including open field exploratory behaviour,
elevated plus maze and zero maze behaviours, and the social interaction tests at
the age of 8 weeks. The results indicate that offspring of NFDM and DFDM showed
anxiogenic activity on the elevated plus maze zero maze and the social
interaction test. Offspring of NFDM and DFDM exhibited hyper and emotional
activity in the open field behaviour test. The behavioural alterations observed
in the offspring were comparable to the behavioural alterations noted in STZ
diabetic rat as reported earlier. Further offspring of NFDM and DFDM exhibited
mild hyperglycaemia. No significant behavioural alterations in the offspring of
DFNM were observed. It may be concluded, that exposure of offspring to diabetic
environment in their foetal life can lead to anxiogenic/emotional behaviours in
adult life.

PMID: 10927864 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



90: Biofizika. 2000 Sep-Oct;45(5):935-40.  

[Effect of modified SHF and acoustic stimulation on spectral characteristics of
the electroencephalograms of the cat brain]

[Article in Russian]

Ivanova VIu, Martynova OV, Aleinik SV, Limarenko AV.

Ykhtomskii Research Institute of Physiology, St. Petersburg State University,
Russia.

The effect of modulated electromagnetic fields on the spectral parameters of
bioelectric brain activity in awake cats was studied by registering the
electroencephalogram from the skin surface in the vertex area using carbon
electrodes. In the normal electroencephalogram, spectral components in the range
above 20 Hz predominated. It was shown that, upon irradiation with
electromagnetic field (basic frequency 980 MHz, power density 30-50 microW/cm2),
spectral components in the range of 12-18 Hz begin to prevail. A similarity in
the redistribution of the power of spectral components upon both acoustic and
modulated electromagnetic influences was revealed. The results suggest that
there is a a common neurophysiological mechanism by which modulated
electromagnetic radiation and acoustic stimulation affect the electrical
activity of the brain. This ia consistent with the assumption that the effect of
the electromagnetic field on the central nervous system is mediated through the
acoustic sensory system.

PMID: 11094726 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



91: Biofizika. 1996 May-Jun;41(3):762-4.  

[Combined effect of variable and static magnetic fields on rat behavior in the
"open field "]

[Article in Russian]

Deriugina ON, Pisachenko TM, Zhadin MN.

The influence of combined alternating and static magnetic fields on rat behavior
in the "open field" test was studied. The action of the cyclotron and Larmor
frequencies of calcium, natrium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium, lithium, and
zinc ions was investigated. The statistically significant influence of the
cyclotron frequencies of calcium and magnesium ions was revealed. The calcium
frequency caused depression of investigating activity of the animals and the
magnesium one evoked increasing moving and investigating activities. The rest of
frequencies did not significantly act on the animal behavior.

PMID: 8924481 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



92: Med Tr Prom Ekol. 1994;(1):31-3.  

[Effect of low intensity and ultra high frequency electromagnetic irradiation on
memory functions]

[Article in Russian]

Krylova IN, Ilin AB, Dukhanin AS, Paltsev IuP, Iasnetsov VV.

The experiments on rats proved that low intensity electromagnetic waves result
in retrograde amnesia due to benzodiazepine, gamma-aminobutyric acid and
cholinergic mechanisms. Nootropic drug pyracethamum was proved to reduce the
pathologic effect.

PMID: 7804712 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



93: Biomed Tech (Berl). 1997;42 Suppl:103-4.  

[Current status of risk discussion of low frequency electric and magnetic fields
and high frequency electromagnetic radiation]

[Article in German]

Petrowicz O.

Institut fur Experimentelle Chirurgie, Technischen Universitat Munchen.

PMID: 9517067 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



94: Med Radiol (Mosk). 1984 Dec;29(12):46-9.  

[Experimental study of the effects of acute uneven microwave irradiation]

[Article in Russian]

Zuev VG, Ushakov IB.

The purpose of the study was to reveal parts of the body affected by radiation
most of all in uneven microwave irradiation (current frequency of 2.4 GHz/s) by
the destruction criterion taking account of some indicators of the absorbed
power of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). Uneven irradiation was achieved by the
screening of some parts of the body with radiopaque material leaving unshielded
parts subjected to irradiation. Control over the redistribution of absorbed
energy was exercised by means of multichamber phantoms. In experiments on
animals (female rats) within the range of specific absorbed power of 15-40 mWg
the utmost affection of the cranial segment was revealed. The results show good
correlation with a curve of the effect of 50% destruction criterion in total EMR
irradiation.

PMID: 6513752 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



95: Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova. 2001 Jan-Feb;51(1):114-6.  

[Motor activity and emotional response in the open field test in rats after
pharmacologic stimulation or blockade of neuropeptides in terminals of primary
sensory neurons]

[Article in Russian]

Zhukova EM.

Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Siberian Branch,
Novosibirsk.

Effects of high and low doses of capsaicin on the open-field behavioral patterns
were examined in Wistar rats. The treated animals exhibited a significant
increase in locomotion, grooming, and exploratory activity.

PMID: 11253389 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



96: Radiats Biol Radioecol. 1997 May-Jun;37(3):336-42.  

[The dependence of the biological effect of electron radiation on the pulse
repetition rate. The characteristics of the clinical manifestations in rats
after irradiation at superlethal doses]

[Article in Russian]

Darenskaia NG, Nasonova TA, Aleshin SN.

A comparison between biological effects of electron radiation (25 and 50 MeV) at
doses of 100-300 Gy and with pulse recurrence frequencies from 3 to 2400 s-1,
using general damage severity, distinctiveness of separate clinical
manifestations and incidence of extremely severe forms of radiation sickness as
criteria, has demonstrated some peculiarities of radiation pathology in rats
under these circumstances. The pulse recurrence frequency influence varies with
the criterion applied.

PMID: 9244520 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



97: Neurosci Behav Physiol. 1996 Nov-Dec;26(6):565-6.  

Device for artifact-free recording of brain electrical activity during exposure
of rats to UHF fields in conditions of free behavior.

Vorob'ev VV, Gorelkova TF, Konovalov VF.

Laboratory of Medical Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino.

PMID: 9121634 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



98: Gig Sanit. 1982 Feb;(2):7-11.  

[Meteorological radars as an energy source of a superhigh-frequency range
electromagnetic field and environmental hygiene problems]

[Article in Russian]

Dumanskii IuD, Nikitina NG, Tomashevskaia LA, Kholiavko FR, Zhupakhin KS.

PMID: 7075987 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



99: Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter. 1984 May-Jun;(3):13-6.  

[Effect of a modulated UHF field on the behavior and hormone level of female
rats under emotional stress]

[Article in Russian]

Rasulov MM.

PMID: 6540858 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



100: Indian J Exp Biol. 2001 Sep;39(9):853-7.  

Effect of environmental deprivation on anxiety in rats.

Jaiswal AK.

Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi, India. arunjais@rediffmail.com

Environmental deprivation (ED) induced a significant increase in open-field
ambulation, rears, self-groomings, faecal pellets and decrease in activity in
centre in Charles Foster albino rats of 30, 45 and 60 days age groups. In
elevated plus maze, significant attenuation of open arm time/entries and
augmentation of enclosed arm time/entries were noted in ED rats of all the three
age groups. Similarly ED rats also showed significant decrease in time spent on
open arms, entries, head dips and stretched attend postures in comparison to age
matched rats reared under normal environmental conditions. The results indicate
that imposition of environmental deprivation in rats' life consistently resulted
in significant anxiogenic behaviour on all the tests. However, the anxiogenic
effect of ED was less marked when it was imposed at 60th day of life in rats.

PMID: 11831364 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]



101: Bioelectromagnetics. 2000 Dec;21(8):566-74.  

Prenatal exposure to 900 MHz, cell-phone electromagnetic fields had no effect on
operant-behavior performances of adult rats.

Bornhausen M, Scheingraber H.

Institut fur Toxikologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum fur Umwelt und Gesundheit,
Neuherberg, Germany. michael.bornhausen@t-online.de

To clarify potential health risks of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields
(EMFs) used in cellular telephone technology to the developing brain, Wistar
rats were continuously exposed during pregnancy to a low-level (0.1 mW/cm(2))
900 MHz, 217 Hz pulse modulated EMF that approximated the highest legal exposure
of normal populations to the radiation of base antennas of the GSM digital
cell-phone technology. Whole body average specific absorption rate (SAR) values
for the freely roaming, pregnant animals were measured in models; they ranged
between 17.5 and 75 mW/kg. The offspring of exposed and of sham-exposed dams
were coded and tested later as adults in a battery of ten simultaneously
operated test chambers (Skinner boxes) during night time. Eight groups of ten
coded animals in each group were tested for learning deficits in a sequence of
nine, computer-controlled, 15 h sessions of the food-reinforced contingency
Differential Reinforcement of Rate with increasing performance requirements. Two
different sets of events were recorded: The food-reinforced lever-pressing
activity of the animals and the inter-response intervals (IRIs) between
consecutive lever presses. IRI-occurence patterns discriminated consistently
between "learners" and "non-learners". A