Robert O. Becker, MD; 1923 - 2008 a research bibliography.

A lifetime of brilliant medical research by a man that was far ahead of his time. 

The father of electromedicine and electrochemically induced cellular regeneration.

In the 1970's Becker warned that power frequency and radio wave fields were damaging to health. He lost his research funding and was forced out of the Veterans Administration Hospital in Syracuse University subsequent to this 60 minutes interview. Little did he know that EMF's were going to destroy the sleep patterns of all planetary inhabitants. 

EMF Protection with EarthPulse™ Biomagnetic Supplementation

See also; Sandyk R, Anninos PA , Jacobson JI; three pioneers of electromagnetic field therapy to treat Parkinson's, Alzheimer's and epilepsy.

PEMF Background:

introduction to electromedicine

brain wave entrainment

brain wave entrainment II

Research Bibliographies:

arthritis and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

athletic performance enhancement and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

Alzheimer's disease and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

back pain and EarthPulse v.2.3

bone / connective tissue regeneration and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

depression and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

EMF - electropollution research (your brain and your wireless technologies)

epilepsy and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

fibromyalgia and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

insomnia and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

migraine headache and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

multiple sclerosis and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

nerve regeneration and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

neuropathy and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

osteoporosis and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

pain and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

Parkinson's disease and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

stroke and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

tinnitus and pulsed electromagnetic field therapy research

transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS / TMS) research

video evidence

client feedback forms

chronic lower back pain/sleep

news

1: J Altern Complement Med. 2004 Feb;10(1):17-8.

Related Articles, Links

Exploring new horizons in electromedicine.

Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Editorial

PMID: 15025873 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

2: NeuroRehabilitation. 2002;17(1):23-31.

Related Articles, Links

Induced dedifferentiation: a possible alternative to embryonic stem cell transplants.

Becker RO.

Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Upstate Medical Center, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.

Induction of local tissue regeneration in the human would best be accomplished if the patient's own cells at the desired site could be caused to dedifferentiate into the required embryonic stem cells. A system involving the electrical iontophoretic introduction of free silver ions into human wounds for their antibiotic effect has been in clinical use since 1975. In addition to a major antibiotic effect, the technique was found to produce the regeneration of all local tissues, apparently by stimulating dedifferentiation of mature human cells. More recently the use of a newly developed silvered nylon fabric has been found to have similar results without the need for electrical parameters. The results of a preliminary laboratory and clinical study of this material are presented.

Publication Types:

• Case Reports
• Comparative Study

PMID: 12016344 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

3: Met Based Drugs. 1999;6(4-5):311-4.

Related Articles, Links

Silver ions in the treatment of local infections.

Becker RO.

Department of Orthopaedic Surgery State University of New York Health Science Center at Syracuse 550 Harrison Street Syracuse New York 13202 USA.

A study of the use of free silver ions as an antibacterial and antifungal agent administered to infected local wounds has been conducted over the past two decades. A variety of iontophoretic techniques has been employed utilizing either pure silver wires or several types of silvered nylon fabrics as anodes in a direct current electrical circuit. A new type of silver nylon has recently been evaluated for the same use without iontophoretic current. In vitro studies of both techniques have demonstrated an effective, broad spectrum antibiotic effect including most silver-resistant strains. Over 100 cases of recalcitrant osteomyelitis have been treated with an overall success rate of approximately 65% and no evidence of argyria.

PMID: 18475906 [PubMed - in process]

PMCID: PMC2365176

4: Acupunct Electrother Res. 1987;12(1):75-9.

Related Articles, Links

Electromagnetism and the revolution in medicine.

Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Historical Article

PMID: 2883840 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981 Nov-Dec;(161):336-9.

Related Articles, Links

Electrostimulation and undetected malignant tumors.

Becker RO, Esper C.

PMID: 7198021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

6: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1981 Nov-Dec;(161):105-14.

Related Articles, Links

Silver anode treatment of chronic osteomyelitis.

Webster DA, Spadaro JA, Becker RO, Kramer S.

Twenty-five patients with active, chronic osteomyelitis, resistant to conventional management, were treated with surgical debridement and daily application of electrically activated silver dressings. Sixteen (64%) cases resulted in closed, stable, pain-free wounds, with the remainder resulting in persistent drainage or amputation. Nine of 12 cases complicated by nonunion achieved union. In 13 patients an open-bone graft was performed and silver treatment continued: these tended to remain free of purulent drainage but fared no better than average in the long-term follow-up. The silver anode dressing seems to be an effective aid in the treatment of chronic bone infection when combined with adequate surgical debridement, thereby reducing the need for prolonged systemic antibiotics.

Publication Types:

• Case Reports

PMID: 6975686 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7: Health Phys. 1981 Aug;41(2):267-77.

Related Articles, Links

Environmental power-frequency magnetic fields and suicide.

Perry FS, Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 7275611 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8: Am J Physiol. 1980 Nov;239(5):R424-7.

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Sensitivity to change in electrical environment: a new bioelectric effect.

Marino AA, Cullen JM, Reichmanis M, Becker RO, Hart FX.

The action of a 60-Hz, 5 kV/m electric field on erythrocyte parameters in mice was determined. No effects attributable to the magnitude of the field were found, but a transition either from or to an environment containing the field caused decreased red blood cell concentrations and decreased hematocrits. The failure of others to observe effects on erythrocyte parameters following exposure to low-frequency electric fields may have been due to an inappropriate choice of duration of exposure.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 7435656 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9: Calcif Tissue Int. 1980;31(3):257-9.

Related Articles, Links

Piezoelectricity in collagen films.

Marino AA, Spadaro JA, Fukada E, Kahn LD, Becker RO.

Tissue collagen exhibits several levels of structural organization, and this complicates efforts to determine the origin of its piezoelectricity. We made collagen films-by evaporation and electrodeposition from solution-and examined the relation between collagen's piezoelectricity and its electron microscopic appearance. We found that the electrodeposited films were more organized and exhibited higher piezoelectric coefficients than the evaporated films. Despite this, the evaporated films were piezoelectric, thereby suggesting that the effect originates either at the level of the tropocollagen molecule or, at most, with aggregated structures no larger than 50 A in diameter.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 6781732 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979 Nov-Dec;(145):239-44.

Related Articles, Links

Fracutre healing in rats exposed to extremely low-frequency electric fields.

Marino AA, Cullen JM, Reichmanis M, Becker RO.

Fibular osteotomies in rats were exposed to an extremely low frequency field for 14 days. By histologic evaluation it was found that the healing rate was retarded by the field. The effect (which was replicated) occurred at much lower power levels than are presently employed in electircal osteogenesis.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 317035 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11: Med Biol Eng Comput. 1979 Nov;17(6):769-75.

Related Articles, Links

Function of implanted cathodes in electrode-induced bone growth.

Spadaro JA, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• In Vitro
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 317920 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979 Sep;(143):266-70.

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Silver polymethyl methacrylate antibacterial bone cement.

Spadaro JA, Webster DA, Becker RO.

An improved antibacterial bone cement was sought based on the addition of low concentrations of inorganic silver compounds to polymethyl methacrylate. Composites with AgCl, Ag-AgCl, Ag2O, Ag2SO4 and Ag3PO4 in concentrations of 0.05% to 1% by weight, were tested in vitro against bacterial cultures. All were effective, but Ag2SO4 was especially so, even after 7 weeks of incubation in normal saline. Compressive strength of the cement was not affected by these additions, except in the case of Ag2O. Biocompabibility tests in rabbit muscle for up to 12 weeks showed no significant difference between the Ag -PMM and plain PMM in tissue reactivity, both being minimal. These features, coupled with the broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and low allergic potential of silver, make Ag-PMM an attractive alternative to conventional organic antibiotic/bone cement composites.

Publication Types:

• Comparative Study
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 509832 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13: Am J Chin Med. 1979 Summer;7(2):188-93.

Related Articles, Links

Laplace plane analysis of impedance on the H meridian.

Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker RO.

The AC impedance of a length of the H meridian not containing any acupuncture points was studied by means of Laplace plane analysis of the time domain response to an input voltage pulse. The ensuing frequency domain data were compared to the results of an identical analysis for two anatomically similar controls on either side of the meridian. The resistance of the meridian was significantly lower than either control.

PMID: 484540 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979 Jun;(141):266-74.

Related Articles, Links

The significance of electrically stimulated osteogenesis: more questions than answers.

Becker RO.

The present technique of electrical osteogenesis represents the rediscovery of a method in clinical use over 100 years ago. That technique while reported to have excellent clinical results, was empirically applied and was totally discredited as having no scientific basis. Modern techniques report similarly useful clinical results, but similarly lack an accepted scientific basis. The techniques in present use differ so greatly among themselves that a common mechanism of action seems highly unlikely. Yet all report excellent clinical results. Serious questions are raised concerning the validity of the claims, the mechanism of action and the possibility of long-term undesirable side effects. These questions are not insoluble and the newer physical science disciplines seem well suited to reveal the mechanism of action. Appropriate research projects must be mounted and answers to these questions obtained before the technique is made available for wide application. The importance of this procedure far transcends orthopedic surgery and bone growth stimulation and if properly pursued, it may lead to revolutionary changes, not only in basic biology, but in the practice of clinical medicine in general.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 314373 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

15: Aviat Space Environ Med. 1979 Apr;50(4):409-10.

Related Articles, Links

Space osteoporosis: an electromagnetic hypothesis.

Marino AA, Becker RO, Hart FX, Anders F Jr.

Loss of body calcium during spaceflight is a potential problem in long voyages. This loss does not appear to be caused by a deficiency in diet or exercise. The idea is advanced that the altered electromagnetic environment experienced in space may be at least partially responsible. We show that the electric field induced inside astronauts because of their motion in the geomagnetic field is greater than that which has produced a wide variety of biological effects in earth-bound experiments.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 464968 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

16: Physiol Chem Phys. 1979;11(5):395-403.

Related Articles, Links

Relation between suicide and the electromagnetic field of overhead power lines.

Reichmanis M, Perry FS, Marino AA, Becker RO.

Laboratory studies have shown that electromagnetic fields similar to those from high-voltage transmission lines can produce biological effects. Surveys of the actual effects of such lines on exposed individuals usually have been hampered by complicating factors tending to blur the data. By means of a new approach, however, correlation has been established between the presence of transmission-line fields and the occurrence of suicides in part of the Midlands of England.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 542502 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

17: Calcif Tissue Res. 1978 Dec 8;26(2):93-7.

Related Articles, Links

Electrical osteogenesis--pro and con.

Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Review

PMID: 367538 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

18: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1978 Oct;60(7):871-81.

Related Articles, Links

Treatment of orthopaedic infections with electrically generated silver ions. A preliminary report.

Becker RO, Spadaro JA.

Electrically generated silver ions have been shown previously to be a potent antibacterial agent with an exceptionally broad spectrum as indicated by in vitro testing. The present study reports on clinical experience using electrically generated silver ions as adjunctive treatment in the management of chronic osteomyelitis. Fourteen patients had fifteen treatment attempts: thirteen for chronic osteomyelitis of the tibia, one for acute and chronic pyarthrosis and osteomyelitis of the knee, and one for a chronically draining sinus after total hip replacement. Wound débridement, silver ion iontophoresis, and subsequent wound care (usually provided by the patient) resulted in control of the infection in twelve of the fifteen treatment attempts and in healing of the non-union after follow-up ranging from three to thirty-six months. The other three attempts led to two partial and one complete failure.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 701335 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

19: Comp Med East West. 1978 Spring;6(1):67-73.

Related Articles, Links

Physiological effects of stimulation at acupuncture loci: a review.

Reichmanis M, Becker RO.

Recent studies reporting significant physiological effects associated with electrical and manual stimulation at several traditional Chinese acupuncture loci are reviewed. Other reports on the anatomy and electrical properties (DC resistance and potential, AC impedance) of these sites indicate that many are significant local skin resistance minima and may also be points of locally more positive DC potential. Further investigation of the basic properties of the acupuncture system and its mode of action is fully warranted by these preliminary findings.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 710080 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

20: Cornell Vet. 1978 Jan;68(1):51-9.

Related Articles, Links

The effects of low voltage current on healing of thermal third degree wounds.

Dueland R, Hoffer RE, Seleen WA, Becker RO.

Bilateral third degree burns were created on the flanks of eight miniature swine. Each animal had one side treated daily with low intensity direct (LIDC) of 400 microamperes (muA) by contact electrode for 2 hours morning and afternoon until healing occurred. The polarity of the electrode was negative in 4 pigs and positive in 4 pigs. One group of 4 pigs had the eschar surgically removed 24 hours post burn. Weekly biopsies and cultures were taken of treated and control wounds. Results indicated: local treatment of 400 muA LIDC did not hasten or delay healing of thermal third degree burns; escharectomy hastened wound healing by 10 days, and superficial proteus infection occurred in 80% of all wounds.

PMID: 303976 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

21: Physiol Chem Phys. 1978;10(1):79-85.

Related Articles, Links

Effect of electrostatic fields on the chromosomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed in vivo.

Mitchell JT, Marino AA, Berger TJ, Becker RO.

An effect of electrostatic fields on the chromosomes of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells exposed in vivo has been demonstrated. Cells exposed to horizontal electrostatic fields for two weeks had almost a threefold increase in the percentage of abnormal chromosomes when compared to control cells or cells exposed to vertical electrostatic fields for the same period. Extended exposure times of 4--15 weeks resulted in the disappearance of the aberrant chromosomes. It is suggested that the effected cells were incapable of cellular replication resulting eventually in their disappearance via cell death.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 569338 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

22: Med Res Eng. 1977 Nov;12(5):6-9.

Related Articles, Links

Hazard at a distance: effects of exposure to the electric and magnetic fields of high voltage transmission lines.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Review

PMID: 349303 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

23: Comp Med East West. 1977 Fall-Winter;5(3-4):289-95.

Related Articles, Links

Laplace plane analysis of impedance between acupuncture points H-3 and H-4.

Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker RO.

The frequency dependence of the skin impedance between two acupuncture points (H-3 and H-4) was determined by Laplace plane analysis of the time domain response to an input voltage perturbation. Both the resistance and capacitance between the acupuncture points differed significantly from the corresponding controls, thus supporting the interpretation of the acupuncture system as an information transfer network.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 610979 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

24: Comp Med East West. 1977 Fall-Winter;5(3-4):281-8.

Related Articles, Links

Relief of experimentally-induced pain by stimulation at acupuncture loci: a review.

Reichmanis M, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 610978 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

25: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1977 Jul;24(4):402-5.

Related Articles, Links

Laplace plane analysis of transient impedance between acupuncture points Li-4 and Li-12.

Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 881215 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

26: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977 May;(124):75-83.

Related Articles, Links

Clinical experiences with low intensity direct current stimulation of bone growth.

Becker RO, Spadaro JA, Marino AA.

Low intensity direct current stimulation of bone growth involves the continuous application of cathodic currents in the nanoampere range. The technique has been applied to 13 patients with a variety of non-unions and pseudarthroses with a success rate of 77 per cent. Preliminary data indicate that a range of total energy, from 0.6 to 2.5 Joules, is maximally effective. The technique has been combined with anodic control of local bacterial infection with promising results. Both the osteogenic stimulation and the bacterial suppression techniques as described in this paper, appear to be safe and effective.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 304404 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

27: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1977 Mar-Apr;(123):280-2.

Related Articles, Links

Electrical osteogenesis: an analysis.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Letter

PMID: 852183 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

28: Physiol Chem Phys. 1977;9(4-5):433-41.

Related Articles, Links

In vivo bioelectrochemical changes associated with exposure to extremely low frequency electric fields.

Marino AA, Berger TJ, Austin BP, Becker RO, Hart FX.

One hundred seventy-four 21- to 24-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were continuously exposed to a 60 Hz electric field of 150 V/cm for one month in ten separate experiments. Biological effects observed included depressed body weights, serum corticoids, and water consumption. The findings are tentatively in terpreted as indicating that a power frequency electric field is a biological stressor. The observed effects cannot be a consequence of Joule heating and therefore indicate that electric fields can influence biological systems either at the systemic level, or at the cellular level via electrochemical alteration of the microenvironment.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 613333 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

29: Physiol Chem Phys. 1977;9(2):131-47.

Related Articles, Links

Biological effects of extremely low frequency electric and magnetic fields: a review.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 414240 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

30: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1976 Nov;10(5):856-60.

Related Articles, Links

Antifungal properties of electrically generated metallic ions.

Berger TJ, Spadaro JA, Bierman R, Chapin SE, Becker RO.

A qualitative and quantitative investigation was undertaken to study the susceptibility of unicellular eucaryotic organisms (yeasts) to metallic cations generated by low levels of direct current. Results were characteristic of effects obtained previously using clinical and standard bacteria test organisms. The present study demonstrated that anodic silver (Ag(+)) at low direct currents had inhibitory and fungicidal properties. Broth dilution susceptibility tests were made on several species of Candida and one species of Torulopsis. Growth in all isolates was inhibited by concentrations of electrically generated silver ions between 0.5 and 4.7 mug/ml, and silver exhibited fungicidal properties at concentrations as low as 1.9 mug/ml. The inhibitory and fungicidal concentrations of electrically generated silver ions are lower than those reported for other silver compounds.

Publication Types:

• Comparative Study
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 1034467 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

PMCID: PMC429848

31: Biophys J. 1976 Jul;16(7):845-6.

Related Articles, Links

Photoconductivity in bone and tendon.

Fuller RG, Marino AA, Becker RO.

Ultraviolet light can be used to stimulate electrical current flow in bone and tendon. This stimulated photocurrent is directional. In tendon the photocurrent parallel to the fibrils is greater than the photocurrent perpendicular to the fibrils. In bone, the longitudinal photocurrent is less than the transverse photocurrent.

Publication Types:

• In Vitro

PMID: 938723 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

PMCID: PMC1334905

32: Experientia. 1976 May 15;32(5):565-6.

Related Articles, Links

The effect of continuous exposure to low frequency electric fields on three generations of mice: a pilot study.

Marino AA, Becker RO, Ullrich B.

Mice were allowed to mate, gestate, deliver and rear their offspring for 3 successive generations while being continuously exposed to 60 Hz electric fields. Mice exposed to vertical electric fields exhibited decreased body weights at 35 days postpartum and increased mortality rates for 3 successive generations. Mice exposed to horizontal electric fields exhibited decreased body weights for 2 successive generations.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 1278293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

33: Am J Chin Med (Gard City N Y). 1976 Spring;4(1):69-72.

Related Articles, Links

D.C. skin conductance variation at acupuncture loci.

Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker RO.

Skin conductance was measured in 10 subjects with a DC Wheatstone bridge in 10 areas purportedly containing acupuncture loci on the Triple Burner (TB) and Lung (Lu) meridians. When the results were compared to those from anatomically similar locations devoid of acupuncture loci, local conductance variation was found to be significantly different (p less than 0.05) in most acupuncture locus locations.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 1266803 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

34: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1976 Feb;9(2):357-8.

Related Articles, Links

Electrically generated silver ions: quantitative effects on bacterial and mammalian cells.

Berger TJ, Spadaro JA, Chapin SE, Becker RO.

The inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of electrically generated silver ions were 10 to 100 times lower than for silver sulfadiazine. Effects on normal mammalian cells were minimal.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 944551 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

PMCID: PMC429529

35: IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1975 Nov;22(6):533-5.

Related Articles, Links

Electrical correlates of acupuncture points.

Reichmanis M, Marino AA, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.

PMID: 1184029 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

36: Nature. 1975 Feb 20;253(5493):627-8.

Related Articles, Links

Piezoelectricity in hydrated frozen bone and tendon.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 1113852 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

37: ONA J. 1975 Feb;2(2):35-6.

Related Articles, Links

The current status of electrically stimulated bone growth.

Becker RO.

PMID: 1037981 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

38: Experientia. 1974 Nov 15;30(11):1274-5.

Related Articles, Links

Electrostatic field induced changes in mouse serum proteins.

Marino AA, Berger TJ, Becker RO, Hart FX.

Publication Types:

• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
• Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.

PMID: 4140104 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

39: Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1974 Nov;6(5):637-42.

Related Articles, Links

Antibacterial effects of silver electrodes with weak direct current.

Spadaro JA, Berger TJ, Barranco SD, Chapin SE, Becker RO.

Silver, platinum, gold, stainless-steel, and copper electrodes were used with low currents (0.02 to 20 muA/mm(2)) to explore their electrochemical effects on the growth of four bacterial species. In the higher current ranges, all electrodes inhibited growth at both poles, usually in conjunction with electrolytic break-down of the medium and severe corrosion of the metal. Silver, however, was extremely bacteriostatic, even at the lowest current, when used as the anode. Quantitative studies showed that most of this inhibition takes place in a few hours and is not accompanied by changes in pH. Electrochemically injected silver from the anode is probably the instrumental agent, being effective in concentrations of about 5 mug/ml. This is the equivalent concentration of silver sulfadiazine that has been shown to give complete inhibition of bacteria, but without the sulfonamide moiety.

PMID: 15825319 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

PMCID: PMC444706

40: Chem Biol Interact. 1974 Sep;9(3):217-23.

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The effect of selected metals on marrow cells in culture.

Marino AA, Berger TJ, Becker RO, Spadaro JA.

Publication Types:

• Comparative Study

PMID: 4426110 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

41: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974 Jul-Aug;(102):251-67.

Related Articles, Links

A study of electrochemical enhancement of articular cartilage repair.

Baker B, Becker RO, Spadaro J.

PMID: 4425033 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

42: Calcif Tissue Res. 1974 May 28;14(4):327-31.

Related Articles, Links

Piezoelectricity in bone as a function of age.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4527112 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

43: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974 May;(100):250-5.

Related Articles, Links

In vitro effect of weak direct current on Staphylococcus aureus.

Barranco SD, Spadaro JA, Berger TJ, Becker RO.

Publication Types:

• In Vitro

PMID: 4838406 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

44: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1974 May;(100):247-9.

Related Articles, Links

Piezoelectricity and autoinduction.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4838405 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

45: Nature. 1974 Mar 8;248(444):145-7.

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Regeneration of the ventricular myocardium in amphibians.

Becker RO, Chapin S, Sherry R.

PMID: 4818918 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

46: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;238:586-93.

Related Articles, Links

Panel discussion: To what extent can electrical stimulation be used in the treatment of human disorders?

Bassett CA, Becker RO, Brighton CT, Lavine L, Rowley BA.

PMID: 4548340 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

47: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;238:491-9.

Related Articles, Links

Electrical stimulation of articular cartilage regeneration.

Baker B, Spadaro J, Marino A, Becker RO.

PMID: 4548334 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

48: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;238:451-6.

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Panel discussion: The role of electrical potential at the cellular level in growth and development.

Becker RO, Cone CD, Jaffe LF, Parsegian VA, Pohl HA, Weiss L.

PMID: 4531274 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

49: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;238:436-44.

Related Articles, Links

Electric field effects in selected biologic systems.

Marino AA, Berger TJ, Mitchell JT, Duhacek BA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4531272 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

50: Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1974;238:236-41.

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The basic biological data transmission and control system influenced by electrical forces.

Becker RO.

PMID: 4531264 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

51: Exp Cell Res. 1973 Jan;76(1):95-8.

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Electrical stimulation of RNA and protein synthesis in the frog erythrocyte.

Harrington DB, Becker RO.

PMID: 4118777 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

52: Biochim Biophys Acta. 1972 May 18;263(3):585-92.

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Effects of thermal denaturation on metal binding and ultrastructure in collagen fibrils.

Spadaro JA, Becker RO.

PMID: 5034209 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

53: Bull N Y Acad Med. 1972 May;48(4):627-41.

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Electrical stimulation of partial limb regeneration in mammals.

Becker RO, Spadaro JA.

PMID: 4503923 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

PMCID: PMC1806700

54: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972 Mar-Apr;83:255-62.

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Augmentation of regenerative healing in man. A possible alternative to prosthetic implantation.

Becker RO.

PMID: 5014820 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

55: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1972 Mar-Apr;83:144-8.

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Dupuytren's contracture: some associated biophysical abnormalities.

Berg E, Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4335505 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

56: Nature. 1972 Jan 14;235(5333):109-11.

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Stimulation of partial limb regeneration in rats.

Becker RO.

PMID: 4550399 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

57: Calcif Tissue Res. 1971;8(2):177-80.

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Origin of the piezoelectric effect in bone.

Marino AA, Becker RO, Soderholm SC.

PMID: 5145213 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

58: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1970 Nov-Dec;73:169-98.

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The electrical control system regulating fracture healing in amphibians.

Becker RO, Murray DG.

PMID: 5479774 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

59: Nature. 1970 Oct 31;228(5270):473-4.

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Piezoelectric effect and growth control in bone.

Marino A, Becker RO.

PMID: 5482504 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

60: Nature. 1970 May 16;226(5246):652-3.

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Evidence for epitaxy in the formation of collagen and apatite.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4315552 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

61: Nature. 1970 Mar 21;225(5238):1134-6.

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Size-specific metal complexing sites in native collagen.

Spadaro JA, Becker RO, Bachman CH.

Publication Types:

• In Vitro

PMID: 4907289 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

62: Calcif Tissue Res. 1970;6(1):49-54.

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The distribution of trace metal ions in bone and tendon.

Spadaro JA, Becker RO, Bachman CH.

PMID: 5501380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

63: Calcif Tissue Res. 1970;4(4):330-8.

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The effect of electric current on rat tail tendon collagen in solution.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4910253 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

64: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1969 Jul-Aug;65:195-8.

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Trace elements in tendon collagen.

Ellis EH, Spadaro JA, Becker RO.

PMID: 5802525 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

65: Nature. 1969 Apr 12;222(5189):164-5.

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Temperature dependence of the EPR signal in tendon collagen.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4304924 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

66: Nature. 1969 Feb 15;221(5181):661.

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Correction concerning electron paramagnetic resonance in human bone mineral.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4304585 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

67: Nature. 1968 May 4;218(5140):466-7.

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Mechanically induced free radicals in bone.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4296985 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

68: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1968 Mar;50(2):326-34.

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The trace elements of human bone.

Becker RO, Spadaro JA, Berg EW.

PMID: 5642821 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

69: Phys Med Biol. 1967 Jul;12(3):367-78.

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Dielectric determination of bound water of bone.

Marino AA, Becker RO, Bachman CH.

PMID: 6036199 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

70: Med Times. 1967 Jun;95(6):657-69.

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The electrical control of growth processes.

Becker RO.

PMID: 6042257 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

71: Nature. 1967 Mar 4;213(5079):949-50.

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Effect of magnetic fields on reaction time performance.

Friedman H, Becker RO, Bachman CH.

PMID: 6030075 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

72: Trans N Y Acad Sci. 1967 Mar;29(5):606-15.

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A method for producing cellular dedifferentiation by means of very small electrical currents.

Becker RO, Murray DG.

PMID: 5235589 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

73: Nature. 1967 Feb 18;213(5077):697-8.

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Evidence for direct physical bonding between the collagen fibres and apatite cystals in bone.

Marino AA, Becker RO.

PMID: 4291695 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

74: Nature. 1966 May 7;210(5036):583-8.

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Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra of bone and its major components.

Becker RO, Marino AA.

PMID: 4290190 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

75: J Ark Med Soc. 1966 Mar;62(10):404-6.

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The control system governing bone growth in response to mechanical stress.

Becker RO.

PMID: 4221948 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

76: Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1965 Nov-Dec;43:251-3.

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Bioelectric effects in tissue.

Becker RO, Bachman CH.

PMID: 5861096 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

77: Nature. 1965 Jun 26;206(991):1325-8.

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Photoelectric effects in human bone.

Becker RO, Brown FM.

Publication Types:

• In Vitro

PMID: 5839595 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

78: Nature. 1964 Nov 14;204:652-4.

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EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENTS ON BONE IN VIVO.

BASSETT CA, PAWLUK RJ, BECKER RO.

PMID: 14236279 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

79: Percept Mot Skills. 1964 Aug;19:67-73.

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THE GRADED BOUNDARY CARBON-SALINE ELECTRODE.

BACHMAN CH, BECKER RO, FRIEDMAN H.

PMID: 14198858 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

80: Nature. 1963 Nov 16;200:626-8.

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GEOMAGNETIC PARAMETERS AND PSYCHIATRIC HOSPITAL ADMISSIONS.

FRIEDMAN H, BECKER RO, BACHMAN CH.

PMID: 14109937 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

81: Nature. 1963 Sep 28;199:1304-5.

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ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE IN NON-IRRADIATED BONE.

BECKER RO.

PMID: 14074611 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

82: N Y State J Med. 1963 Aug 1;63:2215-9.

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Relationship of geomagnetic environment to human biology.

BECKER RO.

PMID: 13970135 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

83: Nature. 1962 Nov 17;196:675-6.

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Longitudinal direct-current gradients of spinal nerves.

BECKER RO, BACHMAN CH, SLAUGHTER WH.

PMID: 13970134 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

84: Science. 1962 Sep 28;137:1063-4.

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Generation of electric potentials by bone in response to mechanical stress.

BASSETT CA, BECKER RO.

The amplitude of electrical potentials generated in stressed bone is dependent upon the rate and magnitude of bony deformation, while polarity is determined by the direction of bending. Areas under compression develop negative potentials with respect to other areas. Similar results were obtained both in living and dead bone. Removal of the inorganic fraction from bone abolishes its ability to generate stress potentials. It is probable that these potentials influence the activity of osseous cells directly. Furthermore, it is conceivable that they may direct, in some manner, the aggregation pattern of the macromolecules of the extracellular matrix.

PMID: 13865637 [PubMed - OLDMEDLINE]

85: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1962 Sep;7:193-7.

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Direct current potentials in hypnoanalgesia.

FRIEDMAN H, BECKER RO, BACHMAN CH.

PMID: 13895255 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

86: N Y State J Med. 1962 Apr 15;62:1169-76.

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The direct current control system. A link between environment and organism.

BECKER RO, BACHMAN CH, FRIEDMAN H.

PMID: 13866365 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

87: Science. 1961 Jul 14;134(3472):101-102.

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Search for Evidence of Axial Current Flow in Peripheral Nerves of Salamander.

Becker RO.

The demonstrated association of the d-c bioelectric field with central nervous system elements implies the longitudinal flow of charge carriers within that system. Transverse d-c voltages, attributed to the Hall effect, have been obtained from the extremities of intact salamanders under circumstances suggesting such electric current. These voltages disappeared after nerve section, and their magnitude was related to the depth of anesthesia.

PMID: 17807392 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

88: J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1961 Jul;43-A:643-56.

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The bioelectric factors in amphibian-limb regeneration.

BECKER RO.

PMID: 14448529 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

89: IRE Trans Med Electron. 1960 Jul;ME-7:202-7.

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The bioelectric field pattern in the salamander and its simulation by an electronic analog.

BECKER RO.

PMID: 13688481 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

90: Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1960 Apr;41:149-51.

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A modified coaxial electrode for electromyography.

BECKER RO, CHAMBERLIN JT.

PMID: 13798116 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

91: Surg Forum. 1960;10:828-31.

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The electrical response of human skeletal muscle to passive stretch.

BECKER RO.

PMID: 13798117 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]